Anna Rosenberg

Anna Marie Rosenberg (née Lederer; July 19, 1899 – May 9, 1983), later Anna Rosenberg Hoffman, was an American public official, advisor to four presidents, and businesswoman. During the early 1950s, she served as an Assistant Secretary of Defense, becoming the then-highest ranking woman in the history of the Department of Defense. Among the landmark initiatives she was involved in during her public service career were the GI Bill and the desegregation of the U.S. military.[1] Upon her death, The New York Times called Rosenberg "one of the most influential women in the country's public affairs for a quarter of a century."[2]

Anna M. Rosenberg
Rosenberg in 1951
Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower and Personnel)
In office
November 15, 1950 – January 20, 1953
PresidentHarry Truman
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byJohn A. Hannah
Personal details
Born
Anna Marie Lederer

(1899-07-19)July 19, 1899
Budapest, Hungary
DiedMay 9, 1983(1983-05-09) (aged 83)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Spouses
Julius Rosenberg
​
​
(m. 1919; div. 1962)​
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1962; died 1974)​
    OccupationGovernment official, political consultant

    Early life

    Anna Marie Lederer was born on July 19, 1899,[3] in Budapest, Hungary, the child of Albert Lederer and Charlotte (née Sarolta Bacskai) Lederer.[4] She may have been born in either 1901 or 1902, but her father's naturalization petition indicates her birth date as July 19, 1899, which is corroborated by Ellis Island intake documents and other sources. She had one sibling, an older sister, Clare Lederer (later Clare von Arnold). In 1910, Albert immigrated from Hungary to New York City, followed by his wife and daughters in 1912.[4] Anna attended Wadleigh High School for Girls. In 1917, Lederer became a naturalized U.S. citizen.[3][2]

    Early career

    Rosenberg became known as a labor mediator as early as high school, earning mention in the New York Times during a large student strike related to mandatory military training.[3] By the early 1920s, she moved into political campaigns,[1] and was mentored by Tammany Hall political figures and social activist Belle Moskowitz.[5] Inspired by the older Moskowitz, Rosenberg opened a public- and labor relations firm while continuing to be involved in Democratic politics in New York City.[3]

    While working on Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign for New York governor in 1928, she attracted the attention of Roosevelt's wife Eleanor,[1] who would later describe Rosenberg as "a woman who penetrated [the] ‘old boy network’ through her ability, friendship with men of influence, and force of personality."[6]

    Roosevelt administration

    New Deal

    When Franklin Roosevelt won the presidency in 1932, Rosenberg was considered for leadership positions to manage the large programs of Roosevelt's signature New Deal.[3] In 1934, Nathan Straus, New York State regional director of the National Recovery Administration (NRA), selected Rosenberg as his assistant. Rosenberg later succeeded him as regional director, becoming the only female regional director of the NRA.[1]

    After the Supreme Court declared the NRA unconstitutional in A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935), Rosenberg became New York State regional director of the Social Security Board — again the only woman. She served as a mediator for negotiations during the 1938 New York City truckers strike[7][8]

    Also in 1938, Roosevelt sent Rosenberg to Europe with a commission to study labor practices; it was the first of three missions to Europe she made for Roosevelt (the other two were during World War II).[9] She served as regional director of the Social Security Board until 1943.

    World War II

    In the summer of 1941, President Roosevelt enlisted Rosenberg's help addressing the calls of civil rights activist A. Philip Randolph to end the systematic exclusion of Black Americans from the U.S. defense industry. Working with Randolph and New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, Rosenberg helped formulate what would become Executive Order 8802 and its enforcement mechanism the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), which prohibited ethnic or racial discrimination in America's defense industry. Historian Roger Daniels described E.O. 8802 and the FEPC as "the first federal action[s] against race discrimination since Reconstruction."[10]

    By 1941, Rosenberg was serving as New York regional director of the Social Security Board and War Power Commission and in the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services, earning her the nickname "Seven-Job Anna."

    From 1942 to 1945, Rosenberg served as New York State regional director of the War Manpower Commission. Concurrently, she served as a consultant to the Retraining and Reemployment Administration. While with the War Manpower Commission, Rosenberg developed the "Buffalo Plan," which solved multiple problems bedeviling wartime defense manufacturing. Her plan was rolled out nationwide. When he honored Anna Rosenberg as the first-ever recipient of the Medal of Freedom in October 1945, President Harry S. Truman said that without the Buffalo Plan, the "necessary manpower for war production would not have been attained."[9]

    In 1944, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent Rosenberg to Europe to report on the needs of American soldiers after their demobilization, she recommended education and supported the G.I. Bill of Rights.[2] On a second wartime mission at FDR's request, Anna Rosenberg became one of the first Allied women to enter a liberated concentration camp, when she bore witness to the horrors of Nordhausen.[11]

    Throughout the war years, Rosenberg shared a close friendship with President Roosevelt, and sometimes "smuggled food in to him", which they would eat in his office.[12] A Chicago newspaper called her “perhaps the closest person to FDR, with the exception of Harry Hopkins.”[9] Author Joseph Lelyveld claims that "Anna Rosenberg found her way onto [FDR’s] appointments calendar more easily than most cabinet members."[13]

    Truman administration

    In late 1950, President Truman nominated Rosenberg to be Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Personnel. Senator Joseph McCarthy and his staff launched an all-out campaign to oppose her nomination due to alleged connections to the Communist Party, but she was recommended by the Senate Armed Services Committee.

    Rosenberg's nomination was mired by accusations of Communist activities levied by anti-Communist firebrand Benjamin Freedman. After Rosenberg was nominated on November 9, Freedman mailed 25,000 copies of the antisemitic newspaper Common Sense, edited by Conde McGinley, to all the names in the Congressional directory. Freedman also provided purported claims from communists J. B. Matthews and Ralph De Sola that Rosenberg had been a member of a John Reed Club and was a Communist sympathizer, even charging that she had instructed de Sola's wife to plant Communist agents in New York City schools. On December 5, the Senate Armed Services Committee reopened its hearings into Rosenberg's appointment.[14]

    Between December 8 and 13, the Senate heard testimony from 10 witnesses, including Freedman. De Sola denied Freedman's claims about Rosenberg, and other charges were dismissed as unreliable hearsay or mistaken identities. Upon questioning, Freedman criticized "control of Zionists" over the media in New York. Members of the media criticized the Senate for conducting hearings into the charges from figures like Freedman.[14]

    In spite of opposition, on November 15, 1950, she was named Assistant Secretary of Defense, a post she held until January 1953.

    Anna M. Rosenberg being sworn in as Assistant Secretary of Defense

    When Rosenberg was sworn in as Assistant Secretary of Defense, she was the highest-ranking woman in the Department of Defense. She was to coordinate the Department's staffing, which was divided among many agencies.[15] Also while in the position, Rosenberg worked to implement the National Security Act, promoted racial integration of the services, and supported legislation that safeguarded the rights of minorities in the military.[16]

    State and local government

    In 1955, New York City Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. selected her to serve on the New York City Board of Hospitals. Rosenberg also served on Governor of New York W. Averell Harriman's Business Advisory Council and co-chaired the National Hearth Committee. In 1959, she chaired a three-member panel to mediate between the New York City Transit Authority and two unions.

    In the early 1960s, she served on the New York City Board of Education among other bodies.[2]

    Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations

    Often called a confidante of FDR, Anna Rosenberg was the top woman in the Truman administration; she was a close personal friend to Dwight D. Eisenhower and helped him pivot from the military to politics; she organized the 1962 birthday gala for President John F. Kennedy (made famous by Marilyn Monroe's rendition of "Happy Birthday"); and she counseled her friend Lyndon B. Johnson on issues ranging from the effect of automation on jobs to a more equitable formula for the Vietnam War draft.

    Rosenberg with Mayor Robert Wagner Jr., President Kennedy, and Arthur Krim, 1962

    Private sector

    In 1945, Rosenberg founded a consulting business, Anna M. Rosenberg Associates. The firm's customers included the American Cancer Society, the American Hospital Association, the American College of Hospital Administrators, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., and Merriam-Webster. She continued to work at the firm until the day of her death.[2]

    Later life

    In 1919, she married Julius Rosenberg (known as "Mike") and the couple had a son Thomas the followng year. Anna and Mike separated in 1957 and divorced in 1962. After her divorce was finalized in 1962, she married Paul G. Hoffman, the first administrator of the Marshall Plan and a senior United Nations official. Hoffman died in 1974.[2]

    Anna Marie Rosenberg died on May 9, 1983, in Manhattan. She had been suffering from cancer since 1982.[2]

    Awards and honors

    References
    1. Gorham, Christopher (2023-05-30). "One of the most important women in American history has been forgotten". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
    2. Pace, Eric (10 May 1983). "Anna Rosenberg Hoffman Dead; Consultant and 50's Defense Aide". New York Times. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
    3. Gorham, Christopher (2023). The Confidante: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Helped Win WWII and Shape Modern America (1st ed.). New York: Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 11. ISBN 978-0806542003.
    4. "Anna Rosenberg | Jewish Women's Archive". jwa.org. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
    5. Israels Perry, Elisabeth (2019). After the Vote: Feminist Politics in La Guardia's New York. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199341849.
    6. Roosevelt, Eleanor (1954). Ladies of Courage. New York: G.P. Putnam.
    7. "Truck Drivers Tie Up New York City – Rank and File Leaders Backed by Membership" (PDF). September 24, 1938. p. 1.
    8. "TRUCK STRIKE IS ON AGAIN AFTER VOTE; MAYOR ASKS PEACE; La Guardia Calls Conference for Today, Promising to Make All Facts Public STRIKE VOTE 4,071 TO 365 Food, Medicine and Newsprint Exempted in New Tie-Up Under Union Sanction". The New York Times. September 26, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
    9. Gorham, Christopher (2023). The Confidante: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Helped Win WWII and Shape Modern America (1st ed.). New York: Citadel Press (Kensington Publishing Corp.). ISBN 978-0806542003.
    10. Daniels, Roger (2016). Franklin D. Roosevelt: The War Years, 1939-1945. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-252-03952-2.
    11. GORHAM, CHRISTOPHER C. (2023). THE CONFIDANTE : The Untold Story of the Woman Who Helped Win WWII and Shape Modern America. [S.l.]: CITADEL PR. ISBN 978-0-8065-4200-3. OCLC 1322810779.
    12. McCullough, David G. (1992). Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-45654-7. OCLC 25411163.
    13. Lelyveld, Joseph (2016). His Final Battle : the last months of Franklin Roosevelt (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-385-35079-2. OCLC 932385572.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    14. Maurer, Herrymon (May 1951). "Lessons of the Anna M. Rosenberg Hearings:Where Congressional Investigations Go Wrong". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
    15. "Anna M. Rosenberg". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
    16. "Anna Lederer Rosenberg Hoffman (1902 -1983)". www2.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-23.

    External sources
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anna Rosenberg.

    Anna M. Rosenberg's FBI files obtained through the FOIA and hosted at the Internet Archive

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