Anthony Czarnik

Anthony W. Czarnik (born 1957) is an American chemist and inventor. He is best known for pioneering studies in the field of fluorescent chemosensors[6][7][2][8] and co-founding Illumina, Inc., a biotechnology company in San Diego.[9][10] Czarnik was also the founding editor of ACS Combinatorial Science.[11] He currently serves as an adjunct visiting professor at the University of Nevada, Reno.[12]

Anthony W. Czarnik
Czarnik in April 2022
Born
Anthony William Czarnik, Jr.[1]

1957 (age 65–66)}[2]
NationalityAmerican
OccupationChemist
Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin at Madison (B.S., 1977)
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (M.S., 1980) (Ph.D., 1981)
Columbia University (Postdoctoral)[3]
Known forchemosensors, ACS Combinatorial Science, Illumina, Inc.
SpouseRebecca Czarnik
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsUniversity of Nevada[4]
(2004–Present)
ThesisChemical studies on nucleic acid analogues (1981)
Doctoral advisorNelson J. Leonard[4][5]
Other academic advisorsEdwin Vedejs, Ronald Breslow[4]
Websitewww.unr.edu/chemistry/faculty/anthony-czarnik

Education

Anthony Czarnik attended the University of Wisconsin and received his B.S. in Biochemistry in 1977. He then studied with Nelson J. Leonard[5] at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and earned an M.S. in biochemistry in 1980 and a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1981 with a thesis, "Chemical studies on nucleic acid analogues."[13] He then studied with Ronald Breslow at Columbia University (1981–1983) as an NIH Postdoctoral Fellow.[14]

Career

Czarnik joined the Chemistry Department at the Ohio State University as assistant professor in 1983. He later was promoted to associate professor. Czarnik worked at Ohio State University until 1993, when he was offered a position as Director of the Bio-Organic Chemistry group at Parke-Davis Research Laboratory in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[14] Czarnik was the founding editor of ACS Combinatorial Science (formerly Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry), an academic journal published by the American Chemical Society.

In April 1998, Czarnik co-founded Illumina, Inc., a biotechnology company now traded on NASDAQ and specializing in sequencing, genotyping and gene expression, with David Walt, John Stuelpnagel, Larry Bock, and Mark Chee.[9][15][16][17][18] Czarnik served as Illumina's chief scientific officer (CSO) until 2000. He was terminated from his position of CSO[19] and later filed a wrongful termination lawsuit. The Court ruled in Czarnik's favor, but the company appealed.[20][21] The appeal court sustained the lower court verdict but in 2005 reduced the punitive damage ordered by the jury.[22][23] Czarnik later filed a patent law case in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, alleging four counts against his former employer, including reputational harm for correction of named inventor under 35 U.S.C. § 256.[21][24]

In 2001, Czarnik was recruited by Sensors for Medicine and Science, Inc., where he served as chief scientific officer.[25][26] Since 2003, Czarnik has co-founded a number of biotechnology companies including Deuteria Pharmaceuticals LLC and Protia LLC.[27][28][29]

Czarnik is a founder of RenoCares, a charity that provides support to alcohol and drug addicts convicted of misdemeanors in the form of financial aid for rehabilitation treatment, counseling, and psychological services.[30] The organization is managed by the Community Foundation of Western Nevada.[31] Since 2016, annual Czarnik Awards are given for exceptional work in the area of chemosensors at the International Conference on Molecular Sensors and Molecular Logic Gates (MSMLG).[32][33][34] In 2007, Czarnik took part as an executive producer of Electric Heart: Don Ellis, a documentary about Don Ellis, an American jazz musician.[35][36]

Research

Combinatorial Chemistry

While at Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, a division of Warner-Lambert Company, Czarnik directed research and reported the first use of automation for the synthesis of compound “libraries”—large, organized collections of compounds. He became founding editor of the American Chemical Society’s Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry and led research into the use of Rf ID tags for directed sorting for use in compound library synthesis.[37]

Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition

The concept of the fluorescent chemosensors-molecular structures' ability to detect analytes was substantially developed in the book Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition edited by Czarnik and co-authored with other scientists.[38] The book's study is mostly focused on the analysis of the fluorescent chemosensors' chemical structures and their applications and technical uses in different fields of science.[39][40] Czarnik coined the term chemosensor to refer to synthetic compounds that bind and “signal” the presence of analytes in reversible manner. He authored a review article in 1994, which led to more research being done worldwide, including a review of the field 23 years later.[41]

Eventually, chemosensors found applications in chemistry, biochemistry, immunology, physiology, medicine[42][43][44][45][46] and in the military for landmine detection.[47] The book laid foundation to other publications on chemosensors[48][49] and gained recognition and critical attention of the scientific community with some of the scientists defining Czarnik's contributions "significant"[48][50] and "pioneering in the field of fluorescent chemosensors"[51][52][53] "with a positive consequence on the creative pursuit of libraries of new molecules for a range of analyte targets".[54] There is also a conference called International Conference on Molecular Sensors and Molecular Logic Gates which is held twice a year and presents Czarnik awards to investors.[55] In 2003, Czarnik gave an outline of a practical method for monitoring how chemosensors can be used to track glucose levels for diabetic patients. His work, as well as that of many others, led to the first implantable FDA-approved continuous glucose monitor.[56]

Hexaazatriphenylene Hexanitrile and its Derivatives

Czarnik reported the first synthesis of Hexaazatriphenylene Hexanitrile, a hydrogen-free polyfunctional heterocycle with D3h symmetry, in 1986.[57] Because of the properties of this compound, it has found application in the preparation of OLEDs for TV screens and is been investigated for use in improving lithium-ion batteries.[58]

RNA-Targeted Small Molecule Drugs

In 1998, Dr. Czarnik’s group at Parke-Davis reported the first successful drug discovery effort in which RNA was the target.[59] His group also conducted the first successful effort to discover small molecule drugs that work by binding to RNA.[60][61] This has led to the creation of a new field of drug discovery, notably the focus of startup companies and scientific conferences.[62][63]

DNA Sequencing Using Self-Assembled Microarrays

The DNA analyzers developed at Illumina, which was co-founded by Czarnik in 1998, use the patented technology of multiplex decoding of array sensors with microspheres to read genetic codes.[64] As a result, the analyzers have reduced the cost of sequencing a human genome.[65]

Improving Commercial Chemicals by Deuterium Enrichment

In 2009, Czarnik submitted 240 patent applications covering the use of deuterium-substitution in drug discovery..[66] He has also invented drugs such as (R)-d1-lenalidomide and (R)-d1-pioglitazone, for clinical studies.[67][68]

Selected publications
  • Czarnik; A.W. Alcoholic compositions having a lowered risk of acetaldehydemia. U.S. Patent 9,044,423, June 2, 2015.[69]
  • Jacques, V.; Czarnik, A.W.; Judge, T.M.; Van der Ploeg, L.H.T.; DeWitt, S.H. “Differentiation of antiinflammatory and antitumorigenic properties of stabilized enantiomers of thalidomide analogs” PNAS 2015, 112, E1471-E1479[70]
  • Chee, M.S.; Stuelpnagel, J.R.; Czarnik, A.W. Method of making and decoding of array sensors with microspheres. U.S. Patent 7,060,431, June 13, 2006.[71]
  • Mei, H.-Y.; Cui, M.; Heldsinger, A.; Lemrow, S. M.; Loo, J. A.; Sannes-Lowery, K. A.; Sharmeen, L.; Czarnik, A. W. "Inhibitors of Protein-RNA Complexation That Target the RNA: Specific Recognition of HIV-1 TAR RNA by Small Organic Molecules", Biochemistry 1998, 37, 14204-14212[61]
  • Czarnik, A. W. “Guest Editorial on Combinatorial Chemistry”, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 112[72]
  • Czarnik, A. W. “Desperately Seeking Sensors”, Chemistry & Biology 1995, 2, 423[73]
  • Czarnik, A. W. "Chemical Communication in Water Using Fluorescent Chemosensors", Accts. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 302[74]

Books
  • Integrated Drug Discovery Technologies. Mei, H.-Y., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, 2002.
  • Optimization of Solid-Phase Combinatorial Synthesis. Yan, B., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, 2002.
  • Solid-Phase Organic Syntheses. Volume 1. Czarnik, A.W., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 2001.
  • A Practical Guide to Combinatorial Chemistry. DeWitt, S.H., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; ACS Books: Washington, DC, 1997.
  • Combinatorial Chemistry: Synthesis and Application. Wilson, S.H., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 1997.
  • Chemosensors of Ion and Molecular Recognition. Desvergne, J.-P., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; NATO ASI Series, Series C: Vol. 492; Kluwer Academic Press: Dordrecht, 1997.
  • Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition. Czarnik, A.W., Ed.; Vol. 538, ACS Books: Washington, DC, 1993

See also

References
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  2. “Worldcat's indenity:"Czarnik, Anthony W. 1957”
  3. Breslow, Ronald; Czarnik, Anthony W. (1983). "Transaminations by pyridoxamine selectively attached at C-3 in .beta.-cyclodextrin". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (5): 1390–91. doi:10.1021/ja00343a063.
  4. "Anthony W. Czarnik, Ph.D." Academic Tree - Chemistry. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  5. "Leonard, Nelson Jordan (1916-2006)". College of liberal Arts & Sciences in Illinois; Department of Chemistry.
  6. Clarke, Tom (June 18, 2002). "New molecule detects lead". Nature. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  7. “University of Malta :"Themed collection on chemosensors and molecular logic”
  8. “Justia Patents:"Patents by Inventor Anthony W. Czarnik”
  9. “Illumina, Inc. history, profile and corporate video”
  10. "Innovations: Chemistry on a pinhead" (PDF). Chemistry & Biology. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  11. "ACS Combinatorial Science - Editorial Board". Pubs.ASC.org. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  12. “University of Nevada, Reno - Faculty Staff”
  13. “Anthony W. Charnik - Thesis”
  14. Ginsberg, Judah (January 25, 2010). "Academe As A Career Launchpad". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  15. Johnson, Todd (July 1, 2013). "Illumina - A Deeper Look Into A Genetic Technology Investment". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  16. “CNN Business:"Illumina Inc”
  17. “The Wall Street Journal:"Company Info Illumina Inc.”
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  19. Harper, Mathew (August 20, 2014). "Flatley's Law: The Company Speeding A Genetic Revolution". Forbes. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  20. “GenomeWeb:"Illumina to Pay $7.7 Million for Wrongful Termination of CSO Anthony Czarnik”
  21. “Czarnik vs Illumina”
  22. Czarnik v. Illumina, Inc., 437 F. Supp. 2d 252, 258–60 (D. Del. 2006).Mann, Philip P. "The Invisible Man" Intellectual Property Today 2007, 12 (Dec.), 39.
  23. Borman, Stu (February 14, 2005). "Employment lost, restitution found". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  24. “North Nevada Business View:"The name game”
  25. “Scientific American:"Sensing trouble”
  26. “Science News: Danger Detection Old and new sensors are aimed to protect troops and commuters”
  27. Seelmeyer, John (December 13, 2010). "Small biotech firms begin to set roots". North Nevada Business View. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  28. Waters, Hannah (June 3, 2011). "Putting the small in small biotech". Nature. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
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  30. “RenoCares”
  31. “Reno Cares Fund”
  32. “MSMLG Awards”
  33. “MSMLG 2015 (p.2)”
  34. “MSMLG 2016 Czarnik Award”
  35. All about Jazz: Electric Heart: Don Ellis Documentary Film (Coming In Early 2007)
  36. Electric Heart: Don Ellis (2007): Full Cast & Crew
  37. Herpin, Timothy F.; Morton, George C. (February 2003). "Directed Sorting Approach for the Synthesis of Large Combinatorial Libraries of Discrete Compounds". Combinatorial Chemistry, Part B. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 369. pp. 75–99. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(03)69004-X. ISBN 9780121822729. PMID 14722948.
  38. "Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition Book Review". Instrumentation Science & Technology. 22 (4): 405–406. November 1994. doi:10.1080/10739149408001201.
  39. Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 538. American Chemical Society Publications. 1993. doi:10.1021/bk-1993-0538. ISBN 9780841227286.
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  41. Czarnik, Anthony W. (1 October 1994). "Chemical Communication in Water Using Fluorescent Chemosensors". Accounts of Chemical Research. 27 (10): 302–308. doi:10.1021/ar00046a003. ISSN 0001-4842.
  42. "The SMSI "Implant-Once-Read-Many" Real-Time Glucose Sensor". NASA.
  43. F., Callan, J.; P., de Silva, A.; C., Magri, D. (2005). "Luminescent sensors and switches in the early 21st century". Tetrahedron. 61 (36): 8551–8588. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.043. ISSN 0040-4020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. de Silva, A. P.; Fox, D. B.; Moody, T. S.; Weir, S. M. (January 2001). "The development of molecular fluorescent switches". Trends in Biotechnology. 19 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01513-4. ISSN 0167-7799. PMID 11146100.
  45. Supramolecular chemistry : from molecules to nanomaterials. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. 2012. ISBN 9780470746400. OCLC 753634033.
  46. Fabbrizzi, Luigi; Licchelli, Maurizio; Pallavicini, Piersandro (1999-10-01). "Transition Metals as Switches". Accounts of Chemical Research. 32 (10): 846–853. doi:10.1021/ar990013l. ISSN 0001-4842.
  47. Czarnik, Anthony W. (1998). "A sense for landmines". Nature. 394 (6692): 417–418. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..417C. doi:10.1038/28728. S2CID 40533770.
  48. "Special Issue "Chemosensors and Their Application in Cell Imaging Studies" by Dr. Atanu Jana". MDPI.
  49. Desvergne, J. P; Czarnik, A. W, eds. (1997). Chemosensors of Ion and Molecule Recognition. NATO ASI Series. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3973-1. ISBN 978-94-010-5759-2.
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  54. Magri, David (2018). "Recent Progress on the Evolution of Pourbaix Sensors: Molecular Logic Gates for Protons and Oxidants". Chemosensors. 6 (4): 48. doi:10.3390/chemosensors6040048.
  55. "Award Winners – MSMLG 2022". msmlg2022.org.
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  57. Kanakarajan, K.; Czarnik, Anthony W. (December 1986). "Synthesis and some reactions of hexaazatriphenylenehexanitrile, a hydrogen-free polyfunctional heterocycle with D3h symmetry". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 51 (26): 5241–5243. doi:10.1021/jo00376a036. ISSN 0022-3263.
  58. Czarnik, Anthony W.; Kanakarajan, Kuppusamy (25 October 1988). "Hexaazatriphenylene hexanitrile and its derivatives and their preparations". patents.google.com.
  59. Mei, Houng-Yau; Cui, Mei; Heldsinger, Andrea; Lemrow, Shannon M.; Loo, Joseph A.; Sannes-Lowery, Kristin A.; Sharmeen, Lamia; Czarnik, Anthony W. (17 September 1998). "Inhibitors of Protein−RNA Complexation That Target the RNA: Specific Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 TAR RNA by Small Organic Molecules". Biochemistry. 37 (40): 14204–14212. doi:10.1021/bi981308u. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 9760258. S2CID 23982166.
  60. “C&En Archives:"SMALL MOLECULES TARGET RNA (Abstract)”
  61. Mei, Houng-Yau; Cui, Mei; Heldsinger, Andrea; Lemrow, Shannon M.; Loo, Joseph A.; Sannes-Lowery, Kristin A.; Sharmeen, Lamia; Czarnik, Anthony W. (1998). "Inhibitors of Protein−RNA Complexation That Target the RNA: Specific Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 TAR RNA by Small Organic Molecules". Biochemistry. 13 (40): 14204–14212. doi:10.1021/bi981308u. PMID 9760258.
  62. Murray, Jess Hearn, PhD, Simon Turner, PhD, and Amy. "The emerging landscape of RNA-targeted small molecules". www.alacrita.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  65. Hale, Conor (30 September 2022). "Illumina pitches $200 genomes with new line of DNA sequencers". Fierce Biotech.
  66. DeWitt, Sheila; Czarnik, Anthony W.; Jacques, Vincent (8 October 2020). "Deuterium-Enabled Chiral Switching (DECS) Yields Chirally Pure Drugs from Chemically Interconverting Racemates". ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 11 (10): 1789–1792. doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00052. PMC 7549104. PMID 33062153. S2CID 216265904.
  67. Czarnik, Anthony W. (3 September 2013). "Deuterium-enriched bupropion". Google Patents.
  68. Czarnik, Anthony W. (25 July 2017). "Deuterium-enriched aldehydesDeuterium-enriched aldehydes". Google Patents.
  69. US patent 9044423, W. Czarnik, Anthony & A. McKinney, Jeffrey, "Alcoholic compositions having a lowered risk of acetaldehydemia"
  70. Jacques, Vincent; Czarnik, Anthony W.; Judge, Thomas M.; Van der Ploeg, Lex H. T.; DeWitt, Sheila H. (2015). "Differentiation properties of stabilized enantiomers of thalidomide analogs". PNAS. 112 (12): E1471–E1479. doi:10.1073/pnas.1417832112. PMC 4378388. PMID 25775521.
  71. US patent 7060431, W. Czarnik, Anthony; S. Chee, Mark & R. Stuelpnagel, John, "Method of making and decoding of array sensors with microspheres"
  72. Czarnik W, Anthony (1996). "Guest Editorial on Combinatorial Chemistry". American Chemical Society. 29 (3): 112–113. doi:10.1021/ar950256n.
  73. Czarnik W., Anthony (1995). "Desperately Seeking Sensors". Chemistry & Biology. 2 (7): 423–8. doi:10.1016/1074-5521(95)90257-0. PMID 9383444.
  74. Czarnik W, Anthony (1994). "Chemical Communication in Water Using Fluorescent Chemosensors". American Chemical Society. 27 (10): 302–308. doi:10.1021/ar00046a003.
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