Śrāvaka (Jainism)

In Jainism, both ascetics and householders have to follow five vows (vratas) compulsorily. These five vows are:

1. Ahiṃsā – Not to hurt any living being by actions and thoughts. Out of the five types of living beings, a householder is forbidden to kill, or destroy, intentionally, all except the lowest (the one sensed, such as vegetables, herbs, cereals, etc., which are endowed with only the sense of touch).[9]
2. Satya – to lie or speak what is not commendable[10]
3. Asteya – Not to take anything if not given[11]
4. Brahmacharya (Chastity) – Refraining from indulgence in sex-passion
5. Aparigraha (Non-possession) – Detachment from material property

One who observes the small vows is a householder

— Tattvartha Sutra (101)[12]

• digvrata – Restriction on movement with regard to directions
• bhogopabhogaparimana – Vow of limiting consumable and non-consumable things
• anartha-dandaviramana – Refraining from harmful occupations and activities (purposeless sins)

• Samayika – Vow to meditate and concentrate periodically.[8][13] The sāmayika vrata (vow to meditate) is intended to be observed three times a day if possible; other-wise at least once daily. Its objective is to enable the śrāvaka to abstain from all kinds of sins during the period of time fixed for its observance. The usual duration of the sāmayika vow is an antara mūharta (a period of time not exceeding 48 minutes). [14] During this period, which the layman spends in study and meditation, he vows to refrain from the commission of the five kinds of sin — injury, falsehood, theft, unchastity and love of material possessions in any of the three ways. These three ways are:[15]

1. by an act of mind, speech or body (krita)
2. inciting others to commit such an act (kārita)
3. approving the commission of such an act by others (anumodanā)

In performing sāmayika the śrāvaka has to stand facing north or east and bow to the Pañca-Parameṣṭhi.[16] He then sit down and recites the Namokara mantra a certain number of times, and finally devotes himself to holy meditation. Sāmayika can be performed anywhere- a temple, private residence, forest and the like. But the place shouldn't be open to disturbance of any kind.[17]

• Desavrata — Limiting movement to certain places for a fixed period of time.[18]
• Upvas — Fasting at regular intervals
• Atihti samvibhag — Vow of offering food to the ascetic and needy people

A householder who observes these vows is called viratavirata, i.e., one who observes abstinence as well as non-abstinence.[19]

A householder who has observed all the prescribed vows to shed the karmas, takes the vow of sallekhanā at the end of his life.[8] According to the Jain text, Puruşārthasiddhyupāya, "sallekhana enable a householder to carry with him his wealth of piety".[20] The Sallekhana, a voluntary vow of self-starvation if the vows are impossible to uphold by reducing eating of food and partaking of liquids or die while engrossed in meditation with equanimity of mind. Sallekhana is preserving the loss of karma which would be impeded and prevent the further effacing of grief, fear, anger, affection, hatred, prejudice etc. and other afflictions with or without his knowledge in contravening Right Faith, Right Thought and Right Conduct nearing the end of life after vows and austerities have had their beneficial karma on the world by their sacrifice, giving, restraint, pure thoughts and by listening, forgiving etc. A Jain man or women with vows spends much time on prayer and scripture freed from pleasure and passion.[21]

• Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009), Jainism and the definition of religion (1st ed.), Mumbai: Hindi Granth Karyalay, ISBN 978-81-887-69292
• Champat Rai Jain (1917), The Practical Path, The Central Jaina Publishing House
• S.A. Jain (1992). Reality (Second ed.). Jwalamalini Trust. Non-Copyright
• Jain, Vijay K. (2011), Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra (1st ed.), Uttarakhand: Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-2-1, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Jain, Vijay K. (2012), Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-4-5, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Sangave, Dr. Vilas A. (2001), Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture, New Delhi: Bhartiya Jnanpith, ISBN 81-263-0626-2
• Singh, Ram Bhushan Prasad (2008) [1975], Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-3323-4
• Tukol, Justice T. K. (1976), Sallekhanā is Not Suicide (1st ed.), Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology Alt URL