Arctic char

The Arctic char was initially scientifically described in the salmon genus Salmo as Salmo alpinus by Carl Linnaeus in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae, which is the work that established the system of binomial nomenclature for animals.[10] Meanwhile, he described Salmo salvelinus and Salmo umbla, which were later considered as synonyms of S. alpinus. John Richardson (1836) separated them into a subgenus Salmo (Salvelinus), which now is treated as a full genus.[11] The genus name Salvelinus is from German Saibling – little salmon.[12]

The English name is thought to derive from Old Irish ceara/cera meaning "[blood] red",[13] referring to its pink-red underside.[14][15] This would also connect with its Welsh name torgoch, "red belly".[16]

In North America, three subspecies of Salvelinus alpinus have been recognized.[17] "S. a. erythrinus" is native to almost all of Canada's northern coast. This subspecies is nearly always anadromous. S. a. oquassa, known as the blueback trout or Sunapee trout, is native to eastern Quebec and northern New England, although it has been extirpated from most of its northeastern United States range. S. a. oquassa is never anadromous. Dwarf Arctic char has been classified as S. a. taranetzi.[18] These scientific names are not generally accepted, however, as the names S. a. erythrinus and S. a. taranetzi usually refer to subspecies that are endemic to Siberia only.

Arctic char is also found in Lake Pingualuit in the Ungava Peninsula, Quebec, a lake situated in an impact crater formed roughly 1.4 million years ago. Since the last glaciation, changing water levels are believed to have connected the lake with glacial runoff and surrounding streams and rivers, allowing char to swim upstream into the lake. Arctic char is the only fish found in the lake, and signs of fish cannibalism have been found.[19]

Model of a 5.4 kg (12 lb) Sommen charr in naturum Sommen

Arctic char is notable for exhibiting numerous, seemingly distinct morphological variants or 'morphs' throughout the range of the species.[20][21][22][23][24] Consequently, Arctic char have been referred to as the "most variable vertebrate on Earth".[22] These morphs are often sympatric within lakes or rivers.[20][21][23][24] Morphs often vary significantly in size, shape, and colour.[20][21][23][24] Morphs often demonstrate differences in migratory behaviour, being resident or anadromous fish, and in feeding behaviour and niche placement.[21][23][24] Morphs often interbreed, but they can also be reproductively isolated and represent genetically distinct populations,[24] which have been cited as examples of incipient speciation.[21]

In Iceland, Þingvallavatn is noted for the evolution of four morphs: small benthic, large benthic, small limnetic and large limnetic.[20][25]

In Svalbard, Norway, Lake Linnévatn on Spitsbergen has dwarf, 'normal', and normal-sized anadromous fish, and Lake Ellasjøen on Bear Island has a dwarf, small littoral and large pelagic morph.[24] In 2004, a previously unknown species closely related to Arctic char were discovered swimming near the bottom of Lake Tinn in Norway at a depth of 430 m (1,410 ft); The light-colored, translucent fish is up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long and lacks a swim bladder.[26]

In Sweden three morphs are usually recognised: storröding, större fjällröding and mindre fjällröding.[27] Wherever these types occur together in the same lake storröding is the largest.[27] Contrary to what the name may suggest when större fjällröding and mindre fjällröding are found together mindre fjällröding tend to be the largest morph.[27] Even within storröding morphs can be found; for example the Sommen charr of Lake Sommen tend to grow faster and reach sexual maturity later than the char from Lake Vättern.[28][29]

Arctic char is known to produce hybrids with its congeners, Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout) and Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout).[30]

The sparctic char is the intrageneric hybrid between Arctic char and brook trout.[30] Sparctic char grows faster than either parent species, are stronger and healthier, and are thus popular for sports fisheries.[30] Some of these hybrids are fertile while others are sterile.[30] Sparctic char have been found locally in Sweden, for example in the Piteälven and Skellefteälven Rivers in the northern part of the country, though are believed to be relatively uncommon.[30]

There has been no formal naming of the hybrid between Arctic char and lake trout as few studies have been done in regard to this hybridization.

Arctic char can be anadromous, landlocked, or semi-anadromous.[31][32]

Arctic chars found north of 65°N latitude are generally anadromous.[31][32] Anadromous Arctic chars spend their juvenile years in fresh water, and once mature, migrate annually to the marine environment.[31][32] The first migration of Arctic char has been found to occur between 4 and 13 years of age.[33] When in the marine environment, Arctic chars inhabit coastal and intertidal areas.[31][32] They migrate back to frozen lakes at the end of summer.

Generally, Arctic char inhabits shallow waters, rarely swimming deeper than 3 m (10 ft) depth.[31][32] An exception to this applies to landlocked Arctic chars, which often swim much deeper in the summer in order to occupy colder waters.[31][32] Dwarf Arctic chars are more common in landlocked populations as a result of scarce resources (immense competition).[8]

Arctic char exhibits a mostly circumpolar distribution. There is no other species of freshwater fish found at a higher latitude.[31][32][34][35] Arctic char is native to Arctic and subarctic coasts and lakes of high elevations. In general, it has been observed in the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, Siberia, and Alaska.[31][32][34][35]

Anadromous Arctic chars migrate to the sea annually in mid-June to mid-July.[31][32][34][35] After about two months, they return to fresh water to reproduce and overwinter.[31][32][34][35]

The main predators of Arctic char include sea otters (Enhyrda lutris), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), humans (Homo sapiens), ferox trout (Salmo ferox), and other fish species.[36][37] Dwarf Arctic char are also often cannibalistically consumed by giant Arctic char.[36][37] As ferox trout are an apex predator, Arctic char is thus a key species throughout many lakes in its range.[36][37]

Arctic char often demonstrates crypsis when defending from their predators.[36][37] It will appear darker in its freshwater environments and lighter in its marine environments. Additionally, some juveniles have highly sensitive recognition of predator odours and respond to chemical cues from different fish predators.[36][37]

The diet of Arctic char varies with season and location. Arctic chars are generally opportunists.[4][32][38][39] There have been more than 30 species found in the stomachs of Arctic chars.[4][32][38][39]

During late spring and summer, Arctic char feeds on insects found on the water's surface, salmon eggs, snails and other smaller crustaceans found on the lake bottom, and smaller fish up to a third of its size. During the autumn and winter months, it feeds on zooplankton and freshwater shrimps that are suspended in the lake, and also occasionally on smaller fish.

The marine diet of Arctic char consists mostly of a copepod species (Calanis finmarchicus) and krill (Thysanoëssa).[4][32][38][39] Lake-dwelling Arctic chars feed mostly on insects and zoobenthos. Some giant Arctic chars have been recorded as cannibals of their young as well as dwarf Arctic chars.[4][32][38][39]

Spawning occurs over rocky shoals in lakes with heavy wave action and in slower gravel-bottom pools in rivers. As with most salmonids, vast differences in colouration and body shape occur between sexually mature males and females. Males develop hooked jaws known as kypes and take on a brilliant red colour. Females remain fairly silver. Males are polygamous in sexual nature each season. They will circumambulate the females by rubbing up against them slightly. As the female lays her eggs, the male fertilizes her, which takes place during the daylight hours.[36][40][41][42][43] Most males set up and guard territories and often spawn with several females. The female constructs the nest, or redd.

A female anadromous char usually deposits from 3000 to 5000 eggs. Arctic chars do not die after spawning like Pacific salmon, and often spawn several times throughout their lives, typically every second or third year. Young Arctic chars emerge from the gravel in spring and stay in the river from 5 to 7 months, or until they are about 15–20 cm (6–8 in) in length. Sexual maturity in Arctic char ranges from 4 to 10 years old and 50–60 cm (20–24 in) in length.[36][40][41][42][43]

A large male Arctic char in spawning colours

Time to hatching varies, but usually occurs between two and three months, with the longest have been observed at five months.[36][40][41][42][43] Arctic char ranges between 40 and 70 mg upon hatching.[36][40][41][42][43] Hatchlings are immediately independent of parents at hatching, and stay at the bottom of the gravel till they are 15–18 cm (6–7 in) in length.[36][40][41][42][43] Growth rates of Arctic char vary greatly.

• 
  A juvenile Arctic char
• Natural Resources Wales releases more than 5500 rare Arctic char in a lake in Wales, in a bid to preserve the species.
• Underwater video of char at Llyn Padarn, Wales

Numerous commercial fisheries take place in various river systems throughout the Canadian Arctic, with the majority in Nunavut, such as the areas of Cumberland Sound and Cambridge Bay.[44] There are also exploratory fisheries to examine potential for future commercial char fishing areas.[44]

Arctic char fisheries are important for the Inuit and in the subsistence economy of many circumpolar people.[44] The fisheries are concentrated near communities and are predominately conducted using gill nets.[44] In 2004, it was estimated that the subsistence harvest in the Cambridge Bay area was about 50% the size of the commercial harvest.[44]

Research aimed at determining the suitability of Arctic char as a cultured species has been going on since the late 1970s. The Canadian government's Freshwater Institute of Fisheries and Oceans Canada at Winnipeg, Manitoba, and the Huntsman Marine Science Centre of New Brunswick, pioneered the early efforts in Canada. Arctic char is also farmed in Iceland, Estonia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, West Virginia, and Ireland.

Arctic char was first investigated because they expected it to have low optimum temperature requirements and would grow well at the cold water temperatures present in numerous areas of Canada. It could be an alternate species to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and could provide producers with a different niche in the marketplace. The initial research efforts concentrated on identifying the cultural needs and performance characteristics of the species. The Freshwater Institute was responsible for distributing small numbers of eggs to producers in Canada; these producers in return helped determine the suitability of Arctic char in a commercial setting. Commercial Arctic char breeding stocks have now been developed largely from these sources.

Arctic char eggs are hatched within specialized hatchery facilities. The young fish remain in the hatchery until they reach about 100 g (3+1⁄2 oz), and are then transferred to tanks each capable of holding 5000 fish.[9] Arctic char first exhibits a rapid growth spurt during this phase, reaching its market weight of 1–2.5 kg (2–6 lb) within a year.[9] They are fed dried pellets consisting mainly of fish meal and fish oil from forage fish that are too small and bony for human consumption.[9] Carotenoids are also added, giving Arctic char its characteristic coral colouration.[9]

The land-based Arctic char farming systems are among the most environmentally responsible fish farming designs.[9] They remove particulate matter and effluent prior to releasing water from the fish tanks into the environment. Sludge removed from the water is used to fertilize terrestrial crops.[9] Leftovers from fish processing may be incorporated into dog food or delivered to local compost facilities.[9]

In 2006, Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch[45] program added farmed Arctic char as an environmentally sustainable Best Choice for consumers, stating: "Arctic char use only a moderate amount of marine resources for feed” and that they “are farmed in land-based, closed systems that minimize the risk of escape into the wild."[45]

Arctic char

Commercial Arctic char typically weigh 1–2.5 kg (2–6 lb).[9] The flesh is fine-flaked and medium firm. The colour is between light pink and deep red, and the taste is like something between trout and salmon.