Ardicio Rivoltella

Ardicio de Rivoltela (died c. 1186) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Piadena (Platina), in the diocese of Cremona in Lombardy.[1] The appellation "de Rivoltela" is mentioned only once, and its significance is unclear.[2]

Cardinal

Ardicio
Cardinal-Deacon
ChurchSan Teodoro (1156-1186)
Orders
Created cardinal21 December 1156
by Pope Hadrian IV
RankCardinal Deacon
Personal details
Born
Platina (Piadena)
Died1186
NationalityItalian, Lombard
ResidenceRome
Occupationdiplomat, administrator
Professioncleric

Life

Under Pope Eugenius III (1145–1153), Ardicio is found as a subdeacon of the Holy Roman Church, where he is examining the case between the Bishop of Bologna and the Abbot of Padua over the decima tax, and charges of calumny.[3]

Ardicio was named a cardinal by Pope Hadrian IV on 21 December 1156.[4] His earliest signature as a cardinal on a papal document took place on 4 January 1157. He subscribed again, at the Lateran, on 5 April 1157, 13 May 1157, 18 May 1157, 21 May 1157, and 3 June 1157. He subscribed at Anagni on 11 September 1157.[5] In 1158, he subscribed at St. Peter's on 10 January.[6]

In 1158, Cardinal Ardicio and Cardinal Odo of Brescia were sent as papal legates to Lombardy, to attempt to arrange a peace between the cities of Milan and Lodi. The former was an opponent of the emperor, the latter a partisan. They failed.[7]

Cardinal Ardicio subscribed a bull for Pope Adrian on 24 June 1159 at Palestrina (?), and on 28 June at Anagni.[8]

Schism

Pope Adrian died at Anagni on 1 September 1159.[9] Before he died, however, he held a meeting with the cardinals who supported King William I of Sicily, in opposition to Frederick Barbarossa. In the papal presence, the cardinals swore under oath that they would hold Frederick under the ban of excommunication and that. from that time forward, even to death, they would oppose him; when it should happen that the pope died, they swore to elect no successor except from among those who had sworn the oath.[10] After the pope died, while the cardinals were still in Anagni, they apparently made a pact not to finalize an election without a general consensus.[11]

When the electoral process began in St. Peter's Basilica on Saturday, 5 September 1159, three cardinal bishops named Rolando, two named Ottaviano, and one supported neither. The fourteen cardinals who had taken the oath, including Ardicio supported Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli of S. Marco, who had been Pope Adrian's Chancellor. Nine cardinals, less than one-third, stood with Cardinal Ottaviano de' Monticelli of S. Cecilia, the friend of the Emperor Frederick and the imperial candidate. The other seven supported neither. There was a stalemate, which lasted through three days of intense discussion.[12] During these discussions a number of cardinals decided to change their votes: some of the seven cardinals who were in neither the imperial faction nor the chancellor's faction, but who had been supporting Bernard, the cardinal bishop of Porto, went over to Rolando.[13] With a majority, and no hope of a consensus, the cardinals enthroned Rolando as Pope Alexander III, which induced the imperial faction, with military support, to uncanonically proclaim Ottaviano as Victor IV. The resulting schism lasted two decades.

Reign of Alexander III

In October 1159, following the beginning of the schism of Victor IV (Octavianus de' Monticelli), Cardinal Ardicio was one of the signatories of a letter of the cardinals to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, supporting Pope Alexander III and denouncing Octavian as a schismatic.[14] On 15 October, Ardicio subscribed a bull of Alexander III in favor of the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.[15] At the beginning of spring 1160, he was sent, along with Bishop Otho of Tivoli, to Constantinople to explain the circumstances of the papal election to Manuel I Komnenos, and to seek imperial support for Pope Alexander.[16]

At the end of August 1162, Pope Alexander, who was staying at the Cluniac priory of Souvigny between Bourges and Clermont, held a face-to-face meeting with King Louis VII of France, but they were unable to agree on the holding of a conference between them. Alexander, moreover, was afraid of trickery on the part of the emperor and Henry II of England.[17] Alexander then sent a delegation to the king, composed of Bishop Bernard of Porto, Cardinal Hubaldus of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Cardinal Joannes of S. Anastasia, Cardinal Jacinthus of S. Maria in Cosmedin, and Cardinal Ardicio of S. Teodoro. There mission was to explain to the king that the election of Alexander III was the canonical one. Instead, the king had a meeting with the antipope and the emperor at Dijon.[18] Ardicio and his associates were back with the pope at Dol on 20 September; they then travelled to Clermont, and were at Tours on 5 November 1162.[19]

In 1165, Cardinal Ardicio made a second voyage to Constantinople to ensure that the Emperor Manuel would support Pope Alexander.[20] He subscribed a bull at Montpellier on 21 July 1165, and another on 27 July.[21] Ardicio and the papal court were back in Rome on 23 November 1165, and Ardicio subscribed a bull at the Lateran in Rome on 18 March 1166.[22]

For a time, between 1169 and 1173, he was papal legate, with Cardinal Manfred of Lavagna, and is attested at Como.[23]

Ardicio and nine other cardinals were in Benevento on 24 July 1169, when they signed the bull which regulated the government of Benevento and addressed its shortcomings. In 1171, Ardicio was Rector of Benevento.[24]

On 2 January 1179, Cardinal Ardicio was in Tusculum, where he signed a bull in favor of the monastery of Ss. Flora and Lucilla in Arezzo.[25] He was in Rome in March 1179, and attended the Third Lateran Council of Pope Alexander III, which held its first plenary session on 5 March, its second on 7 March, and its third on 19 March.[26] At the Lateran, he subscribed a papal bull on 6 March 1179, another on 20 March, and a third on 26 March.[27] On 22 March 1179, Cardinal Ardicio presided over the case between the bishop of Cremona and the abbot of the monastery of S. Genesio Brixilense in Parma, and defined the boundaries of three disputed churches.[28] He was at the Lateran again on 7 April 1179, to sign a bull in favor of the monastery of S. Nazario in Lorscheim.[29]

Reign of Lucius III

Pope Alexander died on 30 August 1181, and the meeting to elect his successor took place on 1 September. Hubertus Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia and Velletri, was elected Pope Lucius III.[30] Cardinal Ardicio was probably present, though there is no positive evidence to the fact.

In October 1182, Cardinal Ardicio is mentioned in a letter of Pope Lucius as holding a "prelacy" over the clerics of the church of Platina (Piadena), in consideration of his having built the church out of his own funds and established the clergy there.[31]

In 1184 Pope Lucius III was expelled from Rome, after he took sides in the ongoing wars between the Roman commune and Tusculum. Having lost to the Romans, Lucius fled to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was at Verona, hoping to enlist his assistance.[32] Some of the cardinals followed Pope Lucius to Verona; others, however, whose followers had perpetrated outrages at Tusculum and in the Roman campagna, remained in the city.[33]

Ten cardinals who were with the pope in his journey north participated in the consecration of the cathedral of Modena on 14 July 1184. They were: Theodinus of Porto, Tebaldus of Ostia; Joannes of S. Marco, Laborans of S. Maria Transtiberim, Pandulfus of Ss. Apostolorum, Ubertus of S. Lorenzo in Damaso; Ardicio of S. Teodoro, Graziano of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, Goffredfus of S. Maria in Via Lata, and Albinus of S. Maria Nuova.[34]

Ardicio was one of eighteen cardinals who subscribed a papal bull in Verona on 11 November 1185, two weeks before the pope's death.[35]

Pope Lucius died on 25 November 1185.[36] The meeting to elect his successor, given the threat posed by the emperor's siege, met on the same day and elected Hubertus of Milan, the cardinal-priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso as Pope Urban III. Cardinal Ardicio was probably present, though there is no positive evidence.[37]

Reign of Urban III

Ardicio last subscribed a papal document on 13 March 1186. The papal court was still in Verona, trapped by the siege of Frederick Barbarossa, and did not escape until the last week of September 1187. Ardicio's successor at S. Teodoro, Johannes Malabranca, first subscribes on 16 March 1188, after a new pope, Clement III had returned to Rome.[38]

References
  1. Kartusch, p. 88. Brixius, pp. 58, 113. He is called Arditionis de Pladana in an imperial constitution of Frederick Barbarossa, dated 1 August 1177: Monumenta Germaniae Historica Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum Tomus I. (Hannover: Hahn 1893), p. 367.
  2. Zanker, p. 157, calls him "Der Kardinal Ardicio aus Rivoltela". Otto Morena, "Historia rerum Laudensium". in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus XVI (Hannover: Hahn 1863), p. 600: "Interim, duo cardinales Romane sedis legati, scilicet domnus Ardizio de Rivoltela et domnus Otto de Brixia Laude venerunt." (Others in the section of Morena are identified by place name, not by family name) The year is 1158. The town of Rivolta d'Adda had a collegiate church, headed by a provost (P. F. Kehr, Italia pontificia Vol. VI, pars 1 (Berlin: Weidmann 1913), pp. 297-299). Both Lodi and Rivolta joined the schism of Victor IV in 1159. Otto Morena was a partisan and official of Frederick Barbarossa. Alphonsus Ciaconius (Chacón) (1677). Agostinus Olduinus (ed.). Vitae et res gestae pontificum romanorum: et S.R.E. cardinalium (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus (2nd ed.). Roma: P. et A. De Rubeis. p. 1065. is responsible for the idea that de Rivotela is a family name of an aristocratic Milanese family.
  3. Jaffé II, p. 84, no. 9654. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CLXXX (Paris 1855), p. 1564.
  4. Zenker, p. 225, with note 163.
  5. Kartusch, p. 88 with note 4. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CLXXXVIII (Paris 1855), pp. 1492, 1497, 1498, 1501, 1507-1508, 1510, 1523.
  6. Migne "Tomus CLXXXVIII", p. 1549.
  7. Zenker, p. 157. Otto Morena, "Historia rerum Laudensium". in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptorum Tomus XVI (Hannover: Hahn 1863), p. 600.
  8. Migne "Tomus CLXXXVIII", p. 1637, 1638.
  9. Jaffé II, p. 144.
  10. "Gesta Friderici imperatoris", IV. 52, in: Monumenta Germaniae historica Scriptorum Tomus XX (Hannover: Hahn 1868), p. 473. Karl Holder, Die Designation der Nachfolder durch die Päpste (Freiburg: B. Veith 1892), pp. 65-66.
  11. This, at any rate, is what Cardinal Ymarus, the leader of the imperial party wrote (Watterich II, pp. 462-463): "In nomine Domini Amen. Convenerunt episcopi, presbyteri, diaconi cardinales sanctae Romanae ecclesiae et promiserunt sibi invicem in verbo veritatis, quod de electione futuri Pontificis tractabunt secundum consuetudinem istius ecclesiae, scilicet quod segregentur aliquae personae de eisdem fratribus, qui audiant voluntatem singulorum et diligenter inquirant et fideliter describant, et, si Deus dederit, quod concorditer possimus convenire, bene; sin autem, nullus procedat sine communi consensu et hoc observetur sine fraude et malo ingenio."
  12. F. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume IV. 2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1896), pp. 524-571. Letter of Pope Alexander III to Bishop Peter of Paris, in: J. von Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita II (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer 1884), no. 408, pp. 364-366: " tribus inter se diebus de ipsa electione tractantes, tandem in personam nostram, insuffitientem huic honori et tantae dignitatis fastigio minime congruentem, omnes fratres, quotquot fuerunt, tribus tamen exceptis, Octaviano [Cardinal Priest of S. Caeciliae] scilicet et Ioanne de sancto Martino et Guidone Cremensi [Cardinal Priest of S. Calixti], Deo teste, quod non mendatium fingimus, sed, sicut est, meram loquimur veritatem, concorditer atque unanimiter convenerunt, et nos, assentiente clero et populo, in Romanum pontificem elegerunt."
  13. Gerhohus of Reichersperg, "De investigatione antichristi", in: Watterich II, p. 505: "Dumque ageretur cum eis, squatenus se ad maiorem numerum cardinalium colligerent, eo quod tres papae esse non possent, hi qui magistrum Bernardum nominaverant, ab eius nominationee recesserunt et ex eis aliqui se in electionem cancellarii iunxerunt...." This gave Ottaviano a total of seven votes.
  14. Johann M. Watterich, (editor), Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae ab aequalibus conscriptae Tomus II (Lipsiae 1862), pp. 464-466; Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus XX (Hannoverae 1868), pp. 474-475.
  15. Migne (ed.), Tomus CC, p. 75.
  16. Watterich II, p. 386, citing Cardinal Boso, "Alexandri III vita". Zenker, p. 158.
  17. The entire affair is related by Hugo Pictavensis, "Historia Vezeliacensis coenobii," in: Watterich II, pp. 525-530.
  18. Watterich II, p. 390.
  19. Migne (ed.) Tomus CC, pp. 172, 174, 181.
  20. Zenker, p. 158. Ohnsorge, p. 77.
  21. Migne (ed.), Tomus CC, p. 388, 389.
  22. Watterich II, p. 555. Migne (ed.), Tomus CC, p. 411.
  23. P.F. Kehr, Italia pontificia Vol. VI pars 1 (Berlin: Weidmann 1913), p. 407, no. 3.
  24. Ganzer, p. 158. Stefano Borgia, Memorie istoriche della pontificia città di Benevento dal secolo VIII al secolo XVIII, Parte terza, volume 1 (Roma: Salomoni, 1769), pp. 156, 160.
  25. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CC (Paris 1855), p. 1202.
  26. Jaffé II, pp. 339-340.
  27. J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus CC (Paris 1855), pp. 1211, 1215, 1219.
  28. P.F. Kehr, Italia pontificia Vol. VI pars 1 (Berlin: Weidmann 1913), p. 270, no. 32.
  29. Migne, Tomus CC, p. 1225.
  30. J.N.D. Kelly and M.J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes second edition (Oxford 2010), pp. 176, 181. Jaffé, pp. 418, 429.
  31. Ganzer, pp. 133-134. Kartusch, p. 88, with note 11. P. Kehr, "Nachträge zu den Papsturkunden Italiens, I," Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschafter zu Göttingen, philologisch-historische Klasse (Berlin: Weidmann 1905), pp. 358-359, no. 29.
  32. Gregorovius, pp. 609-611. Jaffé, pp. 465-466.
  33. Gregorovius, p. 611.
  34. Oliviero Iozzi, La tomba di Lucio III in Verona, (Roma: Tipografia Labicana 1907), pp. 29-30.
  35. Jaffé, p. 492, no. 15471.
  36. J.N.D. Kelly and M.J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes second edition (Oxford 2010), p. 181.
  37. Jaffé II, p. 493. Gregorovius IV. 2, p. 612.
  38. Jaffe II, p. 493, 536.

Sources
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  • Ciaconius (Chacón), Alphonsus (1677). Agostinus Olduinus (ed.). Vitae et res gestae pontificum romanorum: et S.R.E. cardinalium (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus (2nd ed.). Roma: P. et A. De Rubeis. p. 1120.
  • Ganzer, Klaus (1963). Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11.bis 13. Jahrhundert. Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom (in German). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
  • Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1905). The History of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV, part 2. 2nd ed. London: George Bell 1905.
  • Jaffé, Philipp (1888). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII (in Latin). Vol. II. Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Janssen, Wilhelm (1961). Die päpstlichen Legaten in Frankreich von Schisma Anaklets II. bis zum Tode Coelestins III. (1130–1198). (in German) Köln 1961.
  • Kartusch, Elfriede (1948). Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227 (in German). Wien.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Ohnsorge, Werner (1928). Die Legaten Alexanders III im ersten Jahrzehnt seines Pontifikats (1159—1169) [Historische Studien, 175] (in German) (Berlin, 1928).
  • Watterich, J. B. M. (1862). Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae: ab aequalibus conscriptae (in Latin). Vol. Tomus II. Leipzig: G. Engelmann.
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