Arixenia esau

Arixenia esau is a species of earwig in the genus Arixenia (sister to Arixenia camura). It is in the family Arixeniidae, a group composed solely of ectoparasitic earwigs. Like most other species in Arixeniidae, A. esau is found in the tropics of Indonesia and Malaysia and has only been collected on the island of Borneo.[2][3] The species is heavily associated with its host the hairless bat (Cheiromeles torquatus) and is most commonly collected from the fur of these bats and from caves inhabited by them. Arixenia esau is a rare species and has only been observed infrequently in its natural habitat.[3]

Arixenia esau
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Dermaptera
Suborder:
Arixeniina
Family:
Arixeniidae
Genus:
Arixenia
Species:
A. esau
Binomial name
Arixenia esau
Jordan 1909 [1]

Description

This species was described by the entomologist Karl Jordan in 1909,[4] when it was recorded as living within the brood pouches of hairless bats. Like the related species Xeniaria jacobsoni, A. esau females are much larger in size than the males. A. esau is easily contrasted from other members of the order Dermaptera by its minute cerci and full body covering of sensory hairs giving adults a mottled appearance.[2]

Live Arixenia esau specimens photographed in Borneo

Like all species in the Arixeniidae family, A. esau is wingless and blind. Nymphs and adults are a deep yellowish-brown color, although adults have darker abdominal tergites. The head is prognathous and heart-shaped, broad, and wide. The eyes are small and oval shaped, containing 50 to 65 facets in the males and between 60 and 90 in the females. Antennae have 14 segments and are inserted laterally on the head. Mouthparts are smaller than in other Arixeniidae species, the mandibles bearing 3 apical teeth with small maxilla. The pronotum of the thorax is curved posteriorly and exceeds the mesonotum significantly in length. The tarsal claws are well developed to enable gripping on the fur of hosts.[2]

Biology and life history

This species was originally described as ectoparasitic to its bat hosts, but this relationship has been revised and it is currently understood that the earwigs are not parasitic as they do not harm the bats in the process of feeding off of dead skin and bodily excretions.[5] As the earwigs are blind and flightless, they spend their entire lives within the caves inhabited by their hosts.[2]

Like some other earwig species[6] Arixenia esau is viviparous, giving birth to live offspring that develop in a uterus.[7] This feature has evolved twice within the Dermapteran order, in the groups Hemimeridae and Arixeniidae. Arixenia esau has a unique respiratory system to support larval development within the reproductive tract of the mother. An extensive tracheal system within the mothers body delivers oxygen through the respiratory pigment hemocyanin which is found in the fatty tissue of the larva while a placenta-like organ growing out of the larval abdomen mediates this gas exchange.[8]

Association with bat fleas
Lagaropsylla signata present on the leg of Arixenia esau

This species is associated with the bat fleas Lagaropsylla signata and Lagaropsylla turba, whose survival depends on easy access to hosts via riding on the earwig's body. This association is the only known example of a true phoreteic relationship between bat fleas and other insects. The hairs on the earwigs body make them ideal vectors for the fleas, who would otherwise remain trapped on the cave floors unable to reach the roosting bats.[9]

References
  1. all the names
  2. Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1957). "On the Habitat and Growth Stages of Arixenia Esau Jordan and a. Jacobsoni Burr (dermaptera: Arixeni-Oidea), with Descriptions of the Hitherto Unknown Adults of the Former". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology. 32 (1–3): 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1957.tb00357.x. ISSN 1365-3032.
  3. "Arixenia esau K.Jordan, 1909". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  4. Holland, W. J. (1912-11-22). "Genera Insectorum, 122me Fascicule. Dermaptera. By Malcolm Burr, D.Sc. Brussels, Wytsman. December 15, 1911. Pp. 112, 9 plates". Science. 36 (934): 716–717. doi:10.1126/science.36.934.716.
  5. Strenger, A. (1977). Arixenia esau J., kein Parasit – eine funktionsmorphologische Studie. Zool. Anz. (Jena), 199, 99-106.
  6. Jaglarz, Mariusz K.; Tworzydlo, Waclaw; Rak, Agnieszka; Kotula-Balak, Malgorzata; Sekula, Malgorzata; Bilinski, Szczepan M. (2019-11-01). "Viviparity in the dermapteran Arixenia esau: respiration inside mother's body requires both maternal and larval contribution". Protoplasma. 256 (6): 1573–1584. doi:10.1007/s00709-019-01402-1. ISSN 1615-6102. PMC 6820587. PMID 31218520.
  7. Tworzydlo, W., et al. (2013). Embryos of the viviparous dermapteran, Arixenia esau develop sequentially in two compartments: terminal ovarian follicles and the uterus. PLoS ONE 8(5): e64087.
  8. Jaglarz, Mariusz K.; Tworzydlo, Waclaw; Rak, Agnieszka; Kotula-Balak, Malgorzata; Sekula, Malgorzata; Bilinski, Szczepan M. (2019). "Viviparity in the dermapteran Arixenia esau: respiration inside mother's body requires both maternal and larval contribution". Protoplasma. 256 (6): 1573–1584. doi:10.1007/s00709-019-01402-1. ISSN 0033-183X. PMC 6820587. PMID 31218520.
  9. Hastriter, Michael W.; Miller, Kelly B.; Svenson, Gavin J.; Martin, Gavin J.; Whiting, Michael (2017-02-17). "New record of a phoretic flea associated with earwigs (Dermaptera, Arixeniidae) and a redescription of the bat flea Lagaropsylla signata (Siphonaptera, Ischnopsyllidae)". ZooKeys (657): 67–79. doi:10.3897/zookeys.657.11095. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 5345370. PMID 28331409.
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