Stenorhynchus seticornis

Stenorhynchus seticornis, the yellowline arrow crab or simply arrow crab, is a species of marine crab.

"Arrow crab" redirects here. For another species known by the same common name, see Hyastenus bispinosus.

Stenorhynchus seticornis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Brachyura
Family: Inachidae
Genus: Stenorhynchus
Species:
S. seticornis
Binomial name
Stenorhynchus seticornis
(Herbst, 1788)

Description
S. seticornis off Tenerife

The body of S. seticornis is triangular, and the rostrum is drawn out into a long point with serrate edges.[1] The legs are also long and thin, up to 10 cm (3.9 in) across,[2] and the animal's carapace may be up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long.[3] Colouration is variable in this species; the body may be golden, yellow or cream, marked with brown, black or iridescent-blue lines; the legs are reddish or yellow, and the claws are blue or violet.[3] This species presents as diagnostic features: triangular body with long pointed snout (rostrum), carapace decorated with fine dark lines and claws often have violet tips. S. seticornis is most commonly associated with anemones, in groups ranging from one to six individuals in south-eastern Brazil.[4]

Distribution

Stenorhynchus seticornis is commonly found in the shallow sub-tidal on rock bottoms, corals, calcareous algae, and also on soft sediments, such as shelly gravel and sand. Its geographical distribution is restricted to the Occidental Atlantic, from North Carolina to Argentina.[5] Stenorhynchus seticornis is found in the western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina and Bermuda to Brazil, including throughout the Caribbean Sea,.[3] It lives on coral reefs at depths of 10–30 feet (3.0–9.1 m).[6]

Ecology and behaviour

S. seticornis is nocturnal and territorial.[7] It eats small feather duster worms and other coral reef invertebrates.[7] This crab is commonly kept in reef aquariums to control bristle worm populations.[8]

S. seticornis is one of a number of different invertebrates that are found living in association with the sea anemone, Lebrunia danae. It is often found among the anemone's pseudotentacles along with Pederson's cleaning shrimp (Ancylomenes pedersoni) and the spotted cleaner shrimp (Periclimenes yucatanicus).[9]

S. seticornis have displayed notable negative phototaxis, meaning the organism prefers to avoid sunlight.[10] This species changes location during the day and nighttime.[10]

S. seticornis is also notable for its propensity to decorate its body by attaching materials as camouflage, or if the attached organisms are noxious, to ward off predators through aposematism.[11][12]

Symbiotic Relationships

There is a considerable number of reports on cleaning symbiosis among reef fish, moray eels, and squirrelfish.[4] This is a somewhat unexpected relationship as moray eels and squirrelfish can be considered dangerous clients, because crabs are important elements of their diets.[4] This behavior has only been observed in the natural environment in Brazilian waters but it is believed that this behavior also exists throughout its distribution.[4]

Life cycle & Reproduction

During mating, the male places a spermatophore on the female, which she uses to fertilise her eggs. These fertilised eggs are then carried on the female's pleopods until they are ready to hatch into zoea larvae.[7] These swim towards the ocean surface and feed on plankton. They grow through a series of moults, and eventually metamorphose into the adult form.[7] When mature, the spermatozoa of S. seticornis show five lateral arms, similar to the sperm morphology of Inachus phalangium.[13]

Breeding Period

Climate majorly regulates the breeding period of the arrow crab. Seasonal variation of water temperature and sunlight duration are considered as the most important variables determining the breeding period of arrow crabs.[14]

There is a positive relationship between fecundity and the size of the parental female.[5] In fact, the size of the female is the key variable in determining the number of eggs per batch. The female also determines the reproductive output of arrow crabs.[15]

Larval Stage

Larvae that have grown in shallow water differ from larvae that grow in deeper water. The key difference is in the setation of the endopodite of the maxilla.[16]

Taxonomic history

Stenorhynchus seticornis was first described by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1788, under the name Cancer seticornis. It was also described as "Cancer sagittarius" by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1793, a name which is now a junior synonym of S. seticornis.[17] Pierre André Latreille erected the genus Stenorhynchus (originally mis-spelt Stenorynchus) in 1818,[17] and S. seticornis was confirmed as the type species by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1966.[18]

See also

References
  1. Gilbert L. Voss (2002). "Family Majidae. The Spider Crabs". Seashore Life of Florida and the Caribbean. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 116–119. ISBN 978-0-486-42068-4.
  2. George Lewbel; George S. Lewbel & Larry R. Martin (1991). "Crustaceans". Diving Bonaire. Aqua Quest Publications. pp. 105–108. ISBN 978-0-9623389-4-6.
  3. Eugene H. Kaplan & Roger Tory Peterson (1999). A Field Guide to Coral Reefs: Caribbean and Florida. Volume 27 of Peterson Field Guides. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-00211-5.
  4. Medeiros, Diego V.; de Anchieta C.C. Nunes, José; Reis-Filho, José Amorim; Sampaio, Cláudio L.S. (2011-09-30). "Yellowline arrow crab Stenorhynchus seticornis (Brachyura: Majidae) acting as a cleaner of reef fish, eastern Brazil". Marine Biodiversity Records. 4. doi:10.1017/s1755267211000637. ISSN 1755-2672.
  5. Okamori, Claudia Melissa; Cobo, Valter José (2003-09-19). "Fecundity of the arrow crab Stenorhynchus seticornis in the southern Brazilian coast". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 83 (5): 979–980. doi:10.1017/s0025315403008178h. ISSN 0025-3154. S2CID 86505995.
  6. Melissa Block (2001). "Stenorhynchus seticornis, yellowline arrow crab". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
  7. Emilio Barela. "Arrow crab". WhoZoo.org. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
  8. "Arrow crab". aquariumslife.com. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  9. William Herrnkind; Gregg Stanton & Edwin Conklin (1976). "Initial characterization of the commensal complex associated with the anemone, Lebrunia danae, at Grand Bahama". Bulletin of Marine Science. 26 (1): 65–71.
  10. Schriever, Gerd (1978), "In Situ Observations on the Behaviour and Biology of the Tropical Spider Crab Stenorhynchus Seticornis Herbst (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura)", Physiology and Behaviour of Marine Organisms, Elsevier, pp. 297–302, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021548-8.50041-3, ISBN 978-0-08-021548-8
  11. Bateson, William (1889). "Notes on the Senses and Habits of some Crustacea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. new series. 1: 211–214. doi:10.1017/S0025315400058045. S2CID 250948106.
  12. Hultgren, Kristin; Stachowicz, Jay (2011). "Camouflage in decorator crabs: integrating ecological, behavioural and evolutionary approaches". In Stevens, Martin; Merilaita, Sami (eds.). Animal Camouflage (PDF). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19911-7. Archived from the original (PDF proofs) on 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
  13. Antunes, Mariana; Zara, Fernando J.; López Greco, Laura S.; Negreiros-Fransozo, Maria L. (June 2018). "Male reproductive system of the arrow crabStenorhynchus seticornis(Inachoididae)". Invertebrate Biology. 137 (2): 171–184. doi:10.1111/ivb.12214. hdl:11336/96288. ISSN 1077-8306. S2CID 90675584.
  14. Cobo, Valter José (2002-11-21). "Breeding period of the arrow crab Stenorhynchus seticornis from Couves Island, south-eastern Brazilian coast". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 82 (6): 1031–1032. doi:10.1017/s0025315402006598. ISSN 0025-3154. S2CID 84753432.
  15. Antunes, Mariana; Zara, Fernando José; López-Greco, Laura S.; Negreiros-Fransozo, Maria Lucia (2016-04-08). "Morphological analysis of the female reproductive system ofStenorhynchus seticornis(Brachyura: Inachoididae) and comparisons with other Majoidea". Invertebrate Biology. 135 (2): 75–86. doi:10.1111/ivb.12118. ISSN 1077-8306.
  16. Won Tack Yang (1976). "Studies On the Western Atlantic Arrow Crab Genus Stenorhynchus (Decapoda Brachyura, Majidae) I. Larval Characters of Two Species and Comparison With Other Larvae of Inachinae 1)". Crustaceana. 31 (2): 157–177. doi:10.1163/156854076x00198. ISSN 0011-216X.
  17. Peter K. L. Ng; Danièle Guinot & Peter J. F. Davie (2008). "Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 17: 1–286.
  18. "Opinion 763. Stenorhynchus Lamarck, 1818 (Crustacea, Decapoda): validated under the plenary powers with designation of Cancer seticornis Herbst, 1788, as type-species". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 23 (1): 19–21. 1966.
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