Trypetheliaceae

The Trypetheliaceae are a family of mainly lichen-forming fungi in the order Trypetheliales.[3] The family consists almost exclusively of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with an almost strictly tropical distribution.[4]

Trypetheliaceae
Bathelium carolinianum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Trypetheliales
Family: Trypetheliaceae
Eschw. (1824)
Type genus
Trypethelium
Spreng. (1804)
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Arthopyreniaceae Walt.Watson (1929)
  • Astrotheliaceae Zahlbr. (1898)
  • Cryptotheliaceae Walt.Watson (1929)
  • Hyalophragmiaceae Räsänen (1943)
  • Laureraceae Vězda ex Poelt (1974)

Taxonomy

Trypetheliaceae was circumscribed by German botanist Franz Gerhard Eschweiler in 1824. His diagnosis of the family was as follows (translated from Latin):"Thallus is crust-like. Apothecia are of varied shape, immersed in warts formed from the thallus's medullary substance." Eschweiler further notes that the family is almost exclusively found within the tropics. In his initial circumscription, he included the following genera: Arthonia, Porothelium, Medusula, Ophthalmidium, Trypethelium, Astrothelium, Glyphis, Chiodecton, and Conioloma.[5]

The family Arthopyreniaceae was placed into synonymy with Trypetheliaceae, and its type genus, Arthopyrenia, was transferred to Trypetheliaceae in 2021.[2] Other synonyms of Trypetheliaceae include Astrotheliaceae, Cryptotheliaceae, Hyalophragmiaceae, and Laureraceae.[1]

In their 2016 revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae, André Aptroot and Robert Lücking accepted 418 species, distributed amongst 15 genera.[4]

Description

The general features of the Trypetheliaceae include a thallus that is mostly crustose, though the growth form of some species are squamulose to foliose or even fruticose. The family displays a diverse array of appearances, ranging from clearly visible and areolate to evanescent, hidden under bark, or even barely discernible from the substrate. The growth habit and development of the thallus surface are influenced by a combination of environmental conditions and evolutionary factors.[4]

The internal anatomy of the ascomata, including the pseudostromata, in this family is still an emerging area of research with potential taxonomic and systematic implications. One noteworthy aspect is that the ascomata in Trypetheliaceae can develop either superficially or emerge from beneath the periderm, with some species even exhibiting both forms. This divergence is seen in species such as Architrypethelium grande, Astrothelium megaspermum, and others. The wall of the ascoma is typically multi-layered and may contain a medullary layer. In some species, like Astrothelium megaspermum, an additional brownish 'medullary' layer is present. The intricate anatomy of the ascoma provides an array of characters that are used in the development of genus and species concepts within Trypetheliaceae.[4]

Another consistent feature in most Trypetheliaceae is the hamathecium, comprising thin, branching paraphyses that form a network within a gelatinous matrix. However, the density and presence of the gelatinous matrix can vary across lineages. One feature, the hymenial inspersion, consists of oil droplets or infusions lining the paraphyses. The inspersion can be localized or spread throughout the hamathecium, and its taxonomic importance is still being uncovered.[4]

The asci of Trypetheliaceae are typically fissitunicate, a structure best observed in species with larger ascospores. Additionally, ascospore type is a significant character in this family. While septation has historically been a key differentiator, recent understandings emphasize the nature of the septa and walls as more critical taxonomic indicators. The ascospores themselves can vary considerably, from the typical astrothelioid type to those that are multiseptate or muriform, and this variation offers important insights into the relationships within the family.[4]

Chemistry

The Trypetheliaceae family's chemical profile is less intricate than some tropical crustose families like Graphidaceae. The family's secondary substances primarily encompass xanthones and pigments, predominantly anthraquinones.[4]

Xanthones

Lichexanthone is the most abundant xanthone, fluorescing a yellow hue under UV light, primarily on parts like the ascomata and thallus. Its presence, once a point of contention in taxonomy, is now considered species-specific due to recent phylogenetic studies. Another notable xanthone, coronatone, is less prevalent, exhibiting an orange UV reaction.[4]

Pigments

Anthraquinones predominantly dominate the pigments in the Trypetheliaceae, manifesting in various parts of the lichen. Among these, parietin (also known as physcione) stands out as a yellow-orange substance. It is especially prevalent in species such as Astrothelium aeneum and Marcelaria cumingii, and has a purple reaction when tested with a K chemical spot test. Similarly, teloschistin, another yellow pigment present in Marcelaria benguelensis, also reveals a purple reaction to K. Xanthorin, on the other hand, offers a vibrant red hue and can be identified in Marcelaria purpurina, reacting purple with K+. While these are the more commonly noted pigments, there are several others like skyrin and emodin that appear in lesser quantities. The taxonomic significance of these lesser-found pigments, however, remains a subject of ongoing research.[4]

Genera
Astrothelium aeneum

References
  1. Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. pp. 76–78. ISBN 978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC 429208213.
  2. Thiyagaraja, V.; Lücking, R.; Ertz, D.; Coppins, B.J.; Wanasinghe, D.N.; Karunarathna, S.C.; Suwannarach, N.; To-Anun, C.; Cheewangkoon, R.; Hyde, K.D. (2021). "Sequencing of the type species of Arthopyrenia places Arthopyreniaceae as a synonym of Trypetheliaceae". Mycosphere. 12 (1): 993–1011. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/10.
  3. Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  4. Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert (2016). "A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales)". The Lichenologist. 48 (6): 763–982. doi:10.1017/s0024282916000487.
  5. Eschweiler, F.G. (1824). Systema Lichenum, Genera Exhibens rite distincta, Pluribus Novis Adaucta (in Latin). Nuremberg: J.L. Schrag. p. 17.
  6. Hyde, Kevin D.; Hongsanan, Sinang; Jeewon, Rajesh; Bhat, D. Jayarama; McKenzie, Eric H.C.; Jones, E.B. Gareth; et al. (2016). "Fungal diversity notes 367–490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa". Fungal Diversity. 80 (1): 1–270 [80]. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x.
  7. Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Umaña, Loengrin; Chaves, Jose-Luis; Lumbsch, H.Thorsten (2007). "Aptrootia (Dothideomycetes: Trypetheliaceae), a new genus of pyrenocarpous lichens for Thelenella terricola". The Lichenologist. 39 (2): 187–193. doi:10.1017/s0024282907006445. S2CID 86493022.
  8. Massalongo, A.B. (1852). Ricerche sull'autonomia dei licheni crostosi (in Italian). p. 165.
  9. Aptroot, A. (1991). A Monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (Excluding Anthracothecium and Pyrenula) and the Requienellaceae, with Notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae, and Mycomicrothelia (Lichenized and Non-lichenized Ascomycetes). Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 44. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 120. ISBN 978-3-443-58023-0.
  10. Acharius, E. (1803). Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius (in Latin). Stockholm: impensis F.D.D. Ulrich. p. 111.
  11. Zahlbruckner, A. (1928). "Neue und ungenügend beschriebene javanische Flechten". Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique (in German). 1: 109–212 [111].
  12. Sambo, M. (1940). "Licheni del Brasile". Annali di Botanica. 22: 19–41.
  13. Lücking, Robert; Nelson, Matthew P.; Aptroot, André; Barillas de Klee, Roselvira; Bawingan, Paulina A.; Benatti, Michel N.; et al. (2016). "A phylogenetic framework for reassessing generic concepts and species delimitation in the lichenized family Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)". The Lichenologist. 48 (6): 739–762. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000505.
  14. Seaward, Mark R.D.; Aptroot, André (2005). "Hong Kong lichens collected on the United States North Pacific exploring expedition, 1853–1856". The Bryologist. 108 (2): 282–286. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2005)108[0282:hklcot]2.0.co;2.
  15. Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig (1841). Der deutsche Botaniker, Erster Band. Das Herbarienbuch (in German). Dresden; Leipzig: In der Arnoldischen Buchh. p. 15.
  16. Hongsanan, Sinang; Hyde, Kevin D.; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; McKenzie, Eric H.C.; Sarma, V. Venkateswara; et al. (2020). "Refined families of Dothideomycetes: orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 105 (1): 17–318 [184]. doi:10.1007/s13225-020-00462-6.
  17. Aptroot, A.; Nelsen, M.P.; Parnmen, S. (2013). "Marcelaria, a new genus for the Laurera purpurina group in the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)". Glalia. 5 (2): 1–14.
  18. Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H. (1993). "Musaespora, a genus of pyrenocarpous lichens with campylidia, and other additions to the foliicolous lichen flora of New Guinea". The Lichenologist. 25 (2): 121–135. doi:10.1006/lich.1993.1021.
  19. Hawksworth, D.L. (1985). "A redisposition of the species referred to the ascomycete genus Microthelia". Bulletin of the British Museum for Natural History. 14 (2): 43–181 [165].
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