Arthur Bell (engineer)

Bell was born on 4 April 1856[1] in Parnell, Auckland, to Margaret Joachim Bell, née Hort, and Francis Dillon Bell. His father was a pioneering land surveyor in New Zealand, sent out by his cousin Edward Gibbon Wakefield to help with the settling of New Zealand in September 1842, and had a considerable political and bureaucratic career over the next decades.[2] Arthur was his fifth child, part of a family of six brothers and one surviving sister. He was educated at Christ's College in Christchurch and at sixteen gained a senior scholarship. At eighteen he left school and began acting as secretary to his father, who was then Speaker of the House of Representatives, and in his spare time did free-lance journalism for The Wellington Independent,[3] making three hundred pounds a year. Bell also spent a short time in the civil service. He had enjoyed the journalism but by the age of nineteen he was persuaded by his family to change to an engineering career. This was a switch that he sometimes regretted.

Like several members of his family he went "home" to England for the grounding of his new career. He was apprenticed to Sir John Hawkshaw, one of the foremost British engineers of his day. This gave Bell a broad grounding, because he was required to do drafting and other general work on big projects including underground railway work and dock and harbour construction, the latter to become an important area of specialty for him. In 1877 he ‘received back his articles’ and was made Assistant Engineer to the York and Lancaster Railway.[4]

In 1879, on hearing of proposed large extensions to public works in New Zealand, Bell returned home and took up the position of Assistant Engineer in Otago, working on railway lines, roads, bridges, harbours and waterworks, and living in Dunedin.

In 1881 and 1882 Bell did surveying work for the Picton-Hurunui Railway and at the end of 1882 he became responsible for all classes of work in Dunedin. While there, Bell met Catherine Emily "Katie" Hughes, the second daughter of W. Kersey Hughes of Victoria in Australia. On 2 April 1887 they were married at All Saints' Church in Dunedin.[5] In 1888 their only child, a daughter, Rena Dillon, was born.

From 1884 Bell worked mostly on defence works, and in these years he and his family moved to Wellington, where he became Resident Engineer, his work including harbour fortifications. He subsequently became engineer for defences for the colony, including submarine mining defence.[6] New Zealand authorities at that time were beginning to realise how vulnerable the country was to invasion, and were particularly alarmed about the Russians because of their history of antagonism with the British Empire of which at the time New Zealanders felt very much part.

Later Bell also took on the role of engineer with regard to public buildings and had charge of the designing and construction of a large number of important public buildings in New Zealand. In 1890 he was elected a member of the Institute of Civil Engineering.[7] As a member of a commission to look into such matters, he also had a hand in the building of a complete system of sewerage and drainage for Wellington City Council.

These were his achievements by the age of 36; but later in his time working in New Zealand he ran into problems. For one thing, he was held totally accountable for the harbour defence forts in every particular, but was prevented by governmental parsimony from travelling outside Wellington personally to superintend progress. He overcame this handicap with dexterity, despite frequent clashes with the Minister of Defence, Richard Seddon, known to be a difficult man.

These frustrations were further added to by a battle with the authorities about his status and pay, a dispute in which he was strongly supported by Lieutenant-Colonel F. J. Fox, Commandant, New Zealand Forces.[8] Bell resigned from his engineering positions in New Zealand and accepted a position in West Australia; an enormous step for Bell whose personality tended to be nervous and pessimistic. His close connections with his extended family also made this change hard for him.

By moving to West Australia Bell became enmeshed in one of that state's most dramatic stories. His appointment came about through the suggestion and support of C. Y. O'Connor, a prominent engineer in New Zealand at that time. O'Connor was born and trained in Ireland, and migrated to New Zealand as a young man where he worked first as a surveyor. At the early age of 29 he became district engineer for Canterbury Province and eight years later he took up the position of inspecting engineer for the South Island. He had become experienced in the provision of water for gold miners, and the surveying and building of tracks, roads and bridges; and his work on constructing colonial railway lines and harbours was widely known.[9] By the time Bell moved to West Australia, O'Connor and he had worked together for some ten years[10] and the two became friends. By 1891 O'Connor, like Bell, had become dissatisfied with his treatment by his superiors and accepted the position of Chief Engineer in West Australia, offered by John Forrest, the Premier. The Australian Dictionary of Biography describes Forrest and O'Connor thus: "Both were big men, O'Connor, lithe and athletic; at over six feet (180 cm), he was slightly the taller. Both had known the toughening experience of surveyors working in unexplored places. O'Connor was the more sensitive, with wide and cultivated tastes and a passionate sense of justice for men of all degree."[9] He was charged by Forrest with the responsibility for all engineering initiatives in the state, and was also made manager of the railways: a double workload.

Thus began an important ten-year partnership of two strong, farsighted, determined men at a time of great expansion largely owing to gold discoveries.

In 1892 and 1893 huge numbers of people were rushing to unearth the newly discovered gold at Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in the distant east of West Australia. O'Connor became responsible for the supply of water to the miners, water not just for domestic needs but also considerable supplies for the extraction of gold; very difficult in these arid regions.[9]

By 1895 O'Connor had produced a most bold and imaginative plan to supply water to Coolgardie. He was fortunate to be supported, in the goldfields water branch established by himself, by a "band of remarkable engineers",[11] of whom Bell must have been one.

The plan for supplying the goldfields with water was the largest of its kind anywhere. It involved creating a massive reservoir west of the Darling Range by damming the Helena River, a short distance inland from Perth. This was to be the Mundaring Weir. The water had to be lifted 1,000 feet (300 m) over the escarpment east of the reservoir, and pumped some 530 kilometres (330 mi) across the inland plateau into a reservoir at Coolgardie. It was to take three years and cost 2.5 million pounds (over 5.5 billion in today's values).[12] To do this Forrest would have to convince parliament of the feasibility of the plan and of the necessity of raising an enormous loan in London. By 1898 the first contracts, for piping, were going through.

Bell took up the positions of inspecting engineer and chief assistant to O'Connor, there being no Assistant Engineer-in-Chief position at that time, a position he held from May 1893 until December 1896.[13] In the words of a long and warmly appreciative eulogy about him published in The Morning Herald on his retirement and imminent return to New Zealand, he was "... practically assistant engineer-in-chief through the exceptionally busy period in this state from 1894 to 1897, when the West was beginning to feel the full force of the boom consequent upon the rich gold discoveries."[14] After surveying in the goldfields he was involved in special constructions for them such as roads, railways and bridges. He worked also on the harbour in Fremantle, and then in the works at the Mundaring Weir. He also, as in New Zealand, held the office of superintendent of public buildings, from 1897 to 1902.

There was a lot of controversy attached to the Coolgardie plan and Forrest eventually got sick of this and other attacks and resigned, in 1901, to join the new Federal parliament. There followed a series of unstable governments in West Australia and O'Connor not only lost the support of the strong arm of Forrest, but also encountered criticism and abuse from the parliament and the press, some of it quite vitriolic. O'Connor was at this time tired and overworked.[15] The eulogy to O'Connor in the Herald described the end of these events:

O'Connor's confidence in his scheme was vindicated on 8 March 1902 by a successful preliminary pumping test of six miles (9.7 km) of the water main over the most difficult part of the route. That evening one small leak was discovered near Chidlow's Well. He arranged to accompany the engineer in charge of construction to the site on Monday. That morning, 10 March 1902, he prepared for his customary early ride but his usual companion, his youngest daughter, was unwell. He rode alone along the Fremantle beach past the new harbour, then south to Robb Jetty, where he rode his horse into the sea. His deft revolver shot ended his life.

He had left a note: 'The Coolgardie Scheme is alright and I could finish it if I got a chance and protection from misrepresentation but there is no hope of that now and it is better that it should be given to some entirely new man to do who will be untrammelled by prior responsibility'. This is a famous story in West Australia, as it deserves to be. A brilliant man whose work had been of extraordinary value to West Australia had died unnecessarily and in anguish at the early age of 59, leaving a large family. It was a terrible loss, and his work has been recognized, his name appearing in many places in Fremantle and Perth, and as part of the Weir title. There is a most moving statue of him on his horse disappearing into the waves on O'Connor Beach, as it is now called.

His work was not for nothing, however, and by the end of 1902 was successfully completed. After the death of O'Connor the Public Works Department was reorganised and Bell was moved to the office of principal engineer for harbours and rivers, "... in which capacity he... controlled a number of very important marine engineering undertakings along the extensive seaboard of the State." These were the completion of works at Fremantle Harbour, including extending the quays, installing the shed and cranes, designing a graving dock, and preparing for future expansion. As the port of Perth, these improvements at Freemantle were important for the prosperity of the whole state. Bell also worked on land reclamations on the sea front and the building of a swing bridge to North Fremantle; and the reclamation of the Swan River foreshore at Perth. He also designed and supervised works on harbours at Bunbury and Albany and along the north west coast, and designed and constructed all the lighthouses on the coast. In 1901 he had been in addition made acting engineer for railway construction. Here he would have had many administrative responsibilities, was involved in examining young surveyors, and was on various boards.

In some ways Bell must have been the ideal employee: meticulous, very hard working, conscientious in every way, experienced, intelligent, and sympathetic. The very lengthy article in The Morning Herald testifies to the range of his skills and experience, and to his huge capacity for work. But the extensive responsibilities, the pressures so evident on the public works department in West Australia at this time, his nervous and gloomy temperament, his obsession with detail, his tendency to over work, his vulnerability to criticism, and his deep dislike of being away from his family, all meant that he experienced a lot of tension. In addition, the shock of O'Connor's death must have been terrible for Bell and his family, who had been friendly with each other (Rena had joined the young O'Connors for lessons when she first arrived). In 1907 Bell broke down. He was ill for months.

The family returned to New Zealand later that year and settled in Auckland, in Arney Road. Bell, only fifty-one, never worked again.

On 21 February 1917, his daughter married Norman Robert Mackintosh at St. Paul's Cathedral in Wellington. Her husband was the New Zealand manager of the Sun Fire Insurance. The reception was held at her uncle's place—Francis Bell—who was at the time a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council.[16] In 1921 he and his wife followed their daughter to Melbourne where she had moved with her husband and two daughters. Bell was a devoted and imaginative grandfather, an ardent gardener and a broad reader, in Latin and Greek as well as his native English, and consoled himself for his lack of formal work with these activities.

Arthur Bell died on 29 May 1943 at Caulfield West, a suburb of Melbourne, aged 87 years.[17] Catherine Bell died on 9 May 1946 in Toorak, Victoria.[18]