Arthur Thomas Doodson

Arthur Thomas Doodson (31 March 1890 – 10 January 1968) was a British oceanographer.

Arthur Thomas Doodson
Born(1890-03-31)31 March 1890
Boothstown Salford, Greater Manchester
Died10 January 1968(1968-01-10) (aged 77)
Birkenhead, Merseyside
Resting placeFlaybrick Memorial Gardens, Birkenhead
Alma materUniversity of Liverpool
Known forDoodson numbers
AwardsFellow of the Royal Society (1933)[1]

Early life and education

Arthur Thomas Doodson was born in 1890 at Boothstown, Salford, the son of cotton-mill manager Thomas Doodson and Eleanor Pendlebury of Radcliffe, Lancashire.[2] He was educated at Rochdale secondary school and in 1908 entered the University of Liverpool, graduating in both chemistry (1911) and mathematics (1912). He was profoundly deaf and found it difficult to get a job but started with Ferranti in Manchester as a meter tester.[2]

In 1914, he obtained his M.Sc. degree of Liverpool University and in 1916 he was appointed to a post in statistics at University College, London, under Karl Pearson[2] but soon had to work on the calculation of shell trajectories.[3] He obtained the D.Sc. in 1919.[2]

Career

In 1919, he moved back to Liverpool to work on tidal analysis. In 1921, Doodson published a major work on tidal analysis.[4] This was the first development of the tide generating potential to be carried out in harmonic form: Doodson distinguished 388 tidal frequencies.[5] Doodson's analysis of 1921 was based on the then-latest lunar theory of E W Brown.[6] Doodson devised a practical system for specifying the different harmonic components of the tide-generating potential,the Doodson Numbers.

In 1929, he became the Associate Director of Liverpool Observatory and Tidal Institute under the direction of Joseph Proudman. He then spent much of his life developing the analysis of tidal motions mainly in the oceans, but also in lakes, and was the first to devise methods for shallow water as in estuaries. Tide height and current tables are of great importance to navigators, but the detailed motions are complex. The thorough analysis at which he excelled became the international standard for the study of tides and the production of tables through the method of determination of Harmonic Elements by Least-Squares Fitting to data observed at each place of interest. That is, by proper association of the astronomical phases, observations made at one time can enable predictions decades away with different astronomical phases.

WWII

Doodson used and became involved in the design of tide-predicting machines, of which a widely used example was the "Doodson-Légé TPM".[6][7]

Among other works, Doodson was co-author, with H.D. Warburg of the 1941 "Admiralty Manual of Tides".[8]

As the Allies prepared the invasion of Nazi-occupied France, they wanted to land at first light when it was low tide, so hidden obstacles could be seen. Doodson was enlisted to work out the tidal patterns using his mechanised calculators. His calculations revealed that 5–7 June would provide the best combination of full moon and ideal tidal conditions and D-Day duly took place on 6 June 1944.[9] By 1943, the staff at Liverpool Tidal Institute for tidal analysis had been reduced to Doodson and six young women. They also did "nighttime fire watch on the roof in tin helmets and trench coats and carrying buckets of water in case an incendiary bomb hit the observatory".[10]

Personal life and death

Doodson was part of a breakaway sect of the Plymouth Brethren and conscientious objector.[2] He married twice. In 1919 he married Margaret, daughter of J. W. Galloway, a tramways engineer of Halifax with whom he had a daughter, who died in 1936, and he had a son, whose mother died shortly after giving birth in 1931. He married again in 1933 Elsie May, daughter of W. A. Carey, who survived him.[2] He died at Birkenhead on 10 January 1968 and was buried at Flaybrick Hill Cemetery.[11] He

Doodson's grave in Flaybrick Memorial Gardens

Further biographical information is available from the National Oceanography Centre,[12] whose Liverpool facility was formerly the Liverpool Observatory and Tidal Institute, part of the UK Natural Environment Research Council, of which Doodson became director.[13]

Awards and achievements

In May, 1933 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society[14] His nomination reads

Distinguished for his work on tidal theory and on the interpretation of tidal observations, published partly in conjunction with J Proudman, and partly independently, in the Philosophical Transactions, the Royal Society's Proceedings, and elsewhere. Has personally greatly improved the resolution of the astronomical disturbing forces into their more important harmonic constituents. Has carried out the reduction of tidal observations of Antarctic expeditions. Made important contributions to Ballistics during the war, embodying great improvements in calculation, which have since been incorporated in the official Textbook of Anti-aircraft gunnery. Has done valuable work in Statistics, and in the computation of mathematical tables.[15]

References
  1. Proudman, J. (1968). "Arthur Thomas Doodson 1890-1968". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 14: 189–205. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1968.0008. S2CID 73327523.
  2. "Doodson, Arthur Thomas". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  3. Carlsson-Hyslop, Anna (2015). "Human Computing Practices and Patronage: Antiaircraft Ballistics and Tidal Calculations in First World War Britain". Information & Culture: A Journal of History. 50 (1): 70–109. doi:10.1353/lac.2015.0004. S2CID 109481605.
  4. Doodson, A. T. (1921). "The Harmonic Development of the Tide-Generating Potential". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 100 (704): 305–329. Bibcode:1921RSPSA.100..305D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1921.0088.
  5. S Casotto, F Biscani, "A fully analytical approach to the harmonic development of the tide-generating potential accounting for precession, nutation, and perturbations due to figure and planetary terms", AAS Division on Dynamical Astronomy, April 2004, vol.36(2), 67.
  6. D E Cartwright, "Tides: a scientific history", Cambridge University Press 2001, at pages 163-4.
  7. See also the account of the Doodson-Légé TPM Archived 20 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine at the National Oceanography Centre Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. Doodson, A.T.; Warburg, H.D. (1941). The Admiralty Manual of Tides. London: His Majesty's Stationery Ofiice.
  9. 'D-Day Has Come', BBC
  10. Parker, Bruce (1 September 2011). "The tide predictions for D-Day". Physics Today. 64 (9): 35–40. doi:10.1063/PT.3.1257. ISSN 0031-9228.
  11. Wirral History - Flaybrick Cemetery, www.wirralhistory.net, retrieved 15 January 2012
  12. National Oceanography Centre website.
  13. Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (history section); biography of Dr A T Doodson Archived 26 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  15. "DServe Archive Catalog Show".
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