Aslam ibn Zur'a al-Kilabi

Aslam was appointed lieutenant governor of Khurasan by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, in 674.[1] He succeeded Ubayd Allah in 675 when Mu'awiya transferred Ubayd Allah to the governorship of Basra.[9] Unlike Ubayd Allah and other Arab predecessors in Khurasan, Aslam did not undertake any conquests in the region.[9][10] The historian Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban holds it was likely that Aslam's authority was initially restricted to military matters in the province.[9] Ubayd Allah had brought back large amounts of war booty and tribute from Khurasan to Mu'awiya to the chagrin of the Arab tribal garrisons. As Khurasan was a frontier province, the launchpad for conquests and raids in Transoxiana (Central Asia), the garrisons incurred a heavy expense in raising armies and engaging in distant campaigns. Thus, with the exception of the customary one-fifth due to the central treasury, the tribesmen insisted that booty and tribute remain in their possession. Mu'awiya, encouraged by the sums brought to him by Ubayd Allah, sought to exert closer control of Khurasan's finances and appointed his own loyalist, Ishaq ibn Talha, to take charge of fiscal affairs. Ishaq he died on his way to Khurasan and Aslam assumed Ishaq's authority, standing in as the tribes' representative with the caliph.[11] At the time, Mu'awiya was attempting to rally support by the Qays in Syria for the nomination of his son Yazid I as his successor. This may have been his rationale for ignoring the move by Aslam, who maintained significant support from the Qays in Damascus.[12]

In the following year Aslam was replaced by Sa'id ibn Uthman, who was invested with fiscal and military authority in the province.[9] As a result of Aslam's influence with the tribesmen, Sa'id was compelled to accept him as his partner over Khurasan.[12] Aslam and Sa'id entered into disagreements over possession of the war booty following Sa'id's campaigns into Transoxiana.[13] Aslam refused to give Sa'id the tax revenue he collected from the province to forward to the central government; rather, he delivered it to Ubayd Allah in person in Basra, and lodged a complaint about Sa'id to Mu'awiya.[14] As a result, Sa'id was obligated leave office in 677 and Aslam was appointed in his place.[12][14] Aslam did not launch any conquests, military activity restricted to the annual summer expeditions. In this regard, the historian H. A. R. Gibb referred to him as "indolent".[15] Aslam was known to have imposed heavy taxes on the population. The inhabitants of Khurasan used the proverb, "More vile than Aslam", to exhibit their disdain for harsh rulers.[16]

Mu'awiya resolved to restore caliphal authority in Khurasan and appointed Ubayd Allah's brother Abd al-Rahman governor in 679. Abd al-Rahman dispatched ahead of him Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulami, an influential Qaysite leader like Aslam. He arrested Aslam and forced him to surrender 300,000 dirhams.[17] Abd al-Rahman reasserted central control over the provincial tax revenue and tribute. He was replaced with his brother Salm by Caliph Yazid in 681. Salm recommenced the conquests into Transoxiana and in a likely appeal to the supporters of Aslam in the province, arrested and humiliated Qays ibn al-Haytham.[18]

In 680/81 Ubayd Allah, whose jurisdiction by then spanned Iraq and Khurasan, appointed Aslam at the head of 2,000 troops to eliminate Abu Bilal Mirdas ibn Udayya, a Kharijite leader based in Ahwaz.[19][20] The Kharijites were generally opposed to Umayyad rule and Abu Bilal and forty of his followers had established themselves in Ahwaz where they collected their own levy from the population in defiance of Ubayd Allah.[19] Aslam engaged Abu Bilal at an Ahwaz village called Asak where the significantly outnumbered Kharijites repulsed Aslam and his troops.[19][20] Aslam was ridiculed in the streets of Basra for his defeat, with adults and children chanting against him "Abu Bilal is behind you!"[21] In response, Ubayd Allah assigned a personal security force for Aslam to suppress such crowds.[21] Ubayd Allah sent another force against Abu Bilal led by a tribesman of the Banu Tamim, Abbad ibn al-Akhdar, who ambushed and massacred Abu Bilal and his men.[19]