Austrosimulium

Austrosimulium is a genus of 31 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: Austrosimulium whose species are principally from New Zealand, and Novaustrosimulium which are exclusively Australian.[2] Austrosimulium is a sister genus to the monospecific Paraustrosimulium of South America.[3]

Austrosimulium
Austrosimulium australense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Diptera
Family:
Simuliidae
Subfamily:
Simuliinae
Tribe:
Simuliini
Genus:
Austrosimulium

Tonnoir, 1925
Type species
A. australense
(Schiner, 1868)[1]
Species

See text

Some species are known to spread the protozoan blood parasite Leucocytozoon tawaki in penguins.[4][5][6]

In New Zealand, where they are known as sandflies or namu (in Māori from Proto-Austronesian *ñamuk "mosquito", compare with Malay: nyamuk),[7][8] three species – A. australense, A. tillyardianum and A. ungulatum – bite humans.[9][7]

Species
  • Subgenus Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925
    • A. albovelatum Dumbleton, 1973
    • A. alveolatum Dumbleton, 1973
    • A. australense (Schiner, 1868)[1]
    • A. bicorne Dumbleton, 1973
    • A. campbellense Dumbleton, 1973
    • A. cornutum Tonnoir, 1925
    • A. crassipes Tonnoir, 1925
    • A. dugdalei Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012[3]
    • A. dumbletoni Crosby, 1976[6]
    • A. extendorum Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012[3]
    • A. fiordense Dumbleton, 1973[3]
    • A. fulvicorne Mackerras & Mackerras, 1950
    • A. laticorne Tonnoir, 1925
    • A. longicorne Tonnoir, 1925
    • A. mirabile Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948
    • A. montanum Mackerras & Mackerras, 1952
    • A. multicorne Tonnoir, 1925
    • A. stewartense Dumbleton, 1973
    • A. tillyardianum Dumbleton, 1973
    • A. tonnoiri Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012[3]
    • A. ungulatum Tonnoir, 1925
    • A. unicorne Dumbleton, 1973
    • A. vailavoense Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012[3]
    • A. vexans (Mik, 1881)
  • Subgenus Novaustrosimulium Dumbleton, 1973
    • A. bancrofti (Taylor, 1918)
    • A. furiosum (Skuse, 1889)
    • A. magnum Mackerras & Mackerras, 1955
    • A. pestilens Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948
    • A. torrentium Tonnoir, 1925
    • A. victoriae (Roubaud, 1906)
  • Austrosimulium species as yet unplaced
    • A. colboi Davies & Györkös, 1988

Literature cited
  1. Schiner, I.R. (1868). Diptera. vi In [Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. von (in charge)], Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara. Zool. 2(1)B. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn. pp. 388pp., 4 pls.
  2. Peter H. Adler & Roger W. Crosskey (2009). "World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory": 109. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Craig, Douglas Abercrombie McBeath; Craig, Ruth E. G.; Crosby, Trevor K. (2012-06-29). "Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)". Fauna of New Zealand. 68. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.68.
  4. Douglas A. Craig & Trevor K. Crosby (2008). "Gynandromorphs of New Zealand Austrosimulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. New Zealand: Magnolia Press. 1811: 57–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1811.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  5. A. M. Fallis; S. A. Bisset; F. R. Allison (1976). "Leucocytozoon tawaki n.sp. (Eucoccida: Leucocytozoidae) from the penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, and preliminary observations on its development in Austrosimulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. Wellington, New Zealand: The Royal Society of New Zealand. 3 (1): 11–16. doi:10.1080/03014223.1976.9517893.
  6. T. K. Crosby (1976). "Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) dumbletoni n.sp. from New Zealand (Diptera: Simuliidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. Wellington, New Zealand: The Royal Society of New Zealand. 3 (1): 17–19. doi:10.1080/03014223.1976.9517894.
  7. Walrond, Carl (24 September 2007). "Sandflies and mosquitoes - Sandflies: New Zealand's blackflies". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  8. Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*ñamuk: mosquito". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  9. Early, John (2009). Know your New Zealand ... native insects & spiders. New Holland. p. 120. ISBN 9781869662530.


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