Woolly lemur

The woolly lemurs, also known as avahis or woolly indris, are nine species of strepsirrhine primates in the genus Avahi. Like all other lemurs, they live only on the island of Madagascar.

Woolly lemurs (Avahi)
Western woolly lemur (A. occidentalis)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: Indriidae
Genus: Avahi
Jourdan, 1834[1]
Type species
Lemur laniger
Gmelin, 1788
Diversity
About 9 species
Combined distribution of Avahi[2]
Synonyms[1][3]
  • Microrhynchus Jourdan, 1834
  • Semnocebus Lesson, 1840
  • Iropocus Gloger, 1841
  • Habrocebus Wagner, 1839

With a body size of 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) and a weight of 600 to 1,200 g (21 to 42 oz), the woolly lemurs are the smallest indriids. Their fur is short and woolly.[4] The body can be grey brown to reddish, with white on the back of the thighs,[5] with a long, orange tail. The head is round with a short muzzle and ears hidden in the fur.

Woolly lemurs can be found in both humid and dry forests, spending most of their time in the leafy copse. Like many leafeaters, they need long naps to digest their food. Woolly lemurs live together in groups of two to five animals, which often consist of parents and several generations of their offspring.[6]

Like all indriids, the woolly lemurs are strictly herbivorous, eating predominantly leaves, but also buds and, rarely, flowers.

Males and females live in pairs. Although likely, the presence of extrapair copulations (which exist in other pair-living nocturnal lemurs, e.g. the Masoala fork-marked lemur (Phaner furcifer)[7] and the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)[8]) has never been demonstrated in Avahi species. The gestation period is four to five months, with births usually coming in September. In the first few months, the young rides on the back of its mother. After about six months, it is weaned, and can live independently after a year, although it will typically live for another year in proximity to its mother. Overall life expectancy is not known.

On November 11, 2005, a research team that discovered a new species of woolly lemur in 1990 in western Madagascar named the species, Bemaraha woolly lemur (Avahi cleesei), after actor John Cleese, in recognition of Cleese's work to save lemurs in the wild.[9] In 2006, a taxonomic revision of eastern avahis based on genetic and morphological analyses led to the identification of two additional species: A. meridionalis and A. peyrierasi.[10] Further taxonomic revision increased the number of species, by adding A. ramanantsoavana and A. betsileo.[11] Finally a new species was discovered in the Masoala peninsula, Moore's woolly lemur (A. mooreorum).[12]

Classification

Nine species are currently recognized:[13]

References
  1. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. "IUCN 2014". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  3. McKenna, MC; Bell, SK (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 336. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.
  4. Tattersall, Ian (1982). Columbia University Press (ed.). The Primates of Madagascar. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. Rowe, Noel (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. pp. 47.
  6. Ganzhorn, J.U.; Abraham, J.P. & Razananhoera-Rakotomalala, M. (1985). "Some aspects of the natural history and food selection of Avahi laniger". Primates. 26 (4): 452–463. doi:10.1007/BF02382459. S2CID 8988639.
  7. Schülke, O; Kappeler, PM & Zischler, H (2004). "Small testes size despite high extra-pair paternity in the pair-living nocturnal primate Phaner furcifer". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 55 (3): 296–310. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0709-x. S2CID 28992136.
  8. Fietz J, Zischler H, Schwiegk C, Tomiuk J, Dausmann KH, Ganzhorn JU (2000). "High rates of extra-pair young in the pair-living fat-tailed dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus medius". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 49: 8–17. doi:10.1007/s002650000269. S2CID 10644300.
  9. Thalmann, U. & T. Geissmann (2005). "New species of woolly lemur Avahi (Primates: Lemuriformes) in Bemaraha (Central Western Madagascar)". American Journal of Primatology. 67 (3): 371–376. doi:10.1002/ajp.20191. PMID 16287101. S2CID 1790777.
  10. Zaramody A.; Fausser J.-L.; Roos C.; Zinner D.; Andriaholinirina N.; Rabarivola C.; Norscia I.; Tattersall I. & Rumpler Y. (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the eastern woolly lemur (Avahi laniger)". Primate Report. 74: 9–22.
  11. Andriantompohavana R.; Lei R.; Zaonarivelo J. R.; Engberg S. E.; Nalanirina G.; McGuire S. M.; Shore G. D.; Andrianasolo J.; Herrington K.; Brenneman R. A. & Louis E. E. Jr (2007). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the woolly lemurs, Genus Avahi (Primates: Lemuriformes)" (PDF). Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University. 51: 1–64.
  12. Lei R.; Engberg S.E.; Andriantompohavana R.; McGuire S.M.; Mittermeier R.A.; Zaonarivelo J.R.; Brenneman R.A. & Louis E.E. Jr (2008). "Nocturnal Lemur Diversity at Masoala National Park" (PDF). Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University. 53: 1–48.
  13. Mittermeier, R. A.; et al. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. S2CID 17614597.
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