Avian influenza in cats

The H5N1 virus has been found in China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Iraq, Austria, Germany, and Poland. Besides being found in domestic cats, the virus has infected a variety of wild cats such as the Asiatic golden cat, the clouded leopard, tigers, and leopards.[3]

H5N1 was first discovered in domestic and wild cats in Asia,[4] specifically in 2003 in the Thai zoo where two tigers and two leopards died. In 2004, the Thai zoo had 147 tigers that died or were euthanized.[5] This was then followed by an outbreak in Germany in 2006, where three stray cats were found to be either dying or dead during the peak time of the virus outbreak.[6] Currently, as of June 2023, there is an ongoing outbreak in Poland with at least 9 confirmed cases and multiple deaths. [7]

Because the virus infects the lungs of cats, it is one of the preferred model animals to study the effects of H5N1 in humans.[3]

The most common way a cat can obtain H5N1 is by consuming an infected bird. This has been studied in the 2006 and 2007 cases in Germany and Austria where the strains between the cat and the infected birds were not different between the species.[6] A cat is able to then transfer the virus via the respiratory tract and the digestive tract to other cats. However, studies suggest that a cat cannot transfer the virus to a dog, and vice versa, while sharing a food bowl.[3] Though there is no concrete evidence, there is a potential link between the transfer of the virus between poultry, wild birds, and humans.[8]

Once the cat is infected, after an incubation period of 2 to 3 days,[4] the virus can be found in the respiratory tissues, attached to the type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages,[3] as well as the intestinal tissues. There have also been some cases where the virus has been found in the brain and other systems in the body.[9]

As of right now the H5N1 virus has not adapted to transfer in between mammals, but there is a fear that this can occur.[2]

A cat that is infected with a high dose of the virus can show signs of fever, lethargy, and dyspnea.[9] There have even been recorded cases where a cat has neurological symptoms such as circling or ataxia.[1] In a case in February 2004, a 2-year-old male cat was panting and convulsing on top of having a fever two days prior to death. This cat also had lesions that were identified as renal congestion, pulmonary congestion, edema, and pneumonia. Upon inspection, the cat also had cerebral congestion, conjunctivitis, and hemorrhaging in the serosae of the intestines.[13]

However, a cat that is infected with a low dose of the virus may not necessarily show symptoms. Though they may be asymptomatic, they can still transfer small amounts of the virus.[3]

Cats can be protected from H5N1 if they are given a vaccination, as mentioned above. However, it was also found that cats can still shed some of the virus but in low numbers.[3]

If a cat is exhibiting symptoms, they should be put into isolation and kept indoors. Then they should be taken to a vet to get tested for the presence of H5N1. If there is a possibility that the cat has Avian Influenza, then there should be extra care when handling the cat.[1] Some of the precautions include avoiding all direct contact with the cat by wearing gloves, masks, and goggles. Whatever surfaces the cat comes in contact with should be disinfected with standard household cleaners.[4]

Researchers have given tigers an antiviral treatment of Oseltamivir with a dose of 75 mg/60 kg two times a day. The specific dosage was extrapolated from human data, but there hasn't been any data to suggest protection. As with many antiviral treatments, the dosage depends on the species.[4]