Bab (Shia Islam)

The term emerged in the 9th century, designating a senior disciple of an Imam who functioned as his authorised representative. Given the belief that the Imams were divinely inspired, this disciple was the "gate" (bāb) to the Imam and the esoteric knowledge he possessed.[1] The first such bāb is held to have been Salman the Persian, one of the companions of Muhammad.[1] This concept has Gnostic roots, and is commonly ascribed in later literature to the 8th-century extremist (ghulāt) proto-Isma'ili group of the Mukhammisa, but this is not borne out by actual 8th-century texts.[1]

The term was in use in the early Isma'ili movement for "a figure in the hierarchy of the missionary movement who participated in preaching an esoteric interpretation of the Islamic revelation".[1] The early Isma'ili missionary and author Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman also applied the term to the designated successors of the Imams, and to Ali ibn Abi Talib as the successor of Muhammad.[1]

After the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in 909, the bāb became a rank in the official Ismai'ili religious hierarchy (the daʿwa).[2] The Fatimid-era bāb was second only to the Fatimid imam-caliph, and is also known by the designation of "chief caller" (dāʿī al-duʿāt). The latter term is commonly used in historical sources, whereas Isma'ili sources prefer the term bāb. The bāb functioned as the intermediary (wāsiṭa) between the Imam and the community of the faithful. Under the bāb were twelve ḥujjas ("seals"), who conducted the affairs of the daʿwa.[1][2]

The office gradually declined and disappeared altogether after the end of the Fatimid Caliphate.[2] Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, who recorded the hierarchy of the Nizari Isma'ili state during the 13th century, mentions the presence of an official called bāb-i bāṭin, co-equal with the dāʿī; but the rank is no longer mentioned in later sources.[2]

The 10th-century Isma'ili author Ibn al-Haytham reports that the Twelver Imams designated a steward of their imamate with the title of bāb during the minority of their designated successors, but this usage does not appear in contemporary Twelver sources.[1] In Twelver sources, the term is only used for the Imams themselves, as "the gates through which (knowledge of) God is attained", in the words of the 10th-century Twelver scholar Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni.[1] Ali is thus often called "the gate of the prophet", who in turn is "the gate of God"; in a hadith, Muhammad is reported as saying "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is the gate; will you enter the city other than by its gate?"[3]

The term was applied for The Four Deputies of the twelfth and final Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi: Abu Amr Uthman ibn Sa'id, his son Abu Ja'far Muhammad, Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti, and Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri. These men—as well as a few rivals who claimed this position—served as "gates" (abwāb), i.e., as representatives of the hidden twelfth imam in 873–940. After that, the concept of the Imam's Major Occultation was adopted, leading to the abandonment of the post of bāb.[3] Later Twelver theologians, such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, came to reject the concept of a disciple functioning as a gate for the Imam, as with the Isma'ilis, as typical of ghulāt sects.[1]

Among the Alawites, whose cosmology also has Gnostic roots, the bāb is the junior divine entity in a divine triad, under the Godhead itself, or "the Essence" (maʿnā), and "the Name" (ism) or "the Veil" (ḥijāb).[4] According to Alawite doctrine, this triad is incarnated in the successive historical cycles; the role of the ism, along with the bāb, is to 'veil' the true character of the maʿnā:[5] the maʿnā is the "silent" Imam, the ism is the public, "speaking" Imam, and the bāb the gateway to the Imam.[3] Thus in the present, Islamic cycle, Ali is the real Godhead, veiled by Muhammad as his ism, with Salman the Persian as his bāb.[5] Each of the eleven Imams then had his own bāb, who acts as the intermediary between Imam and the faithful. The founder of the Alawite sect, Ibn Nusayr, is held to have been as the bāb to the eleventh Imam, Hasan al-Askari.[5]

In the Druze cosmology, the bāb is the incarnation of the Universal intellect (ʿaql al-kull), which in the Druze cosmic hierarchy is located directly below God. Thus the founder of the Druze religion, Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad, proclaimed himself the bāb to the incarnation of God, Caliph al-Hakim bi Amr Allah.[3]

In the early 19th century, some of the Twelvers in Iran considered Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i, founder of Shaykhism, and his successor Kazim Rashti as the bāb to the Hidden Imam.[3] This tradition provided the foundation of the religion of Bábism following the application of the title Báb to its eponymous founder, Ali Muhammad Shirazi.[3]