Barrios' War of Reunification

Barrios' War of Reunification (Spanish: Intentona de Barrios) was a war initiated by President Justo Rufino Barrios of Guatemala. His goal was to reunify Central America with himself as President. He died in battle on 2 April 1885 and peace was reached on 14 April.

Barrios' War of Reunification

The death of Justo Rufino Barrios.
Date28 February 1885 – 14 April 1885
(1 month, 2 weeks and 3 days)
Location
Guatemala and El Salvador
Result

Salvadoran victory

Belligerents
Commanders and leaders
Strength
20,000[1] 15,500[1][2]
Casualties and losses
50–200 dead
150 injured		 1,500+ dead

Background

The Federal Republic of Central America formed in 1821 after declaring independence from the First Mexican Empire.[3] The First Central American Civil War solidified the nation's existence under Francisco Morazán from 1826 to 1829, but the Second Central American Civil War tore the country apart from 1838 to 1841.[3][4][5]

In April 1871, two Guatemalan Divisional Generals, Miguel García Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios, overthrew President Vicente Cerna y Cerna.[6][7][8] García Granados replaced Cerna y Cerna as President, but he retired in 1873 and was succeeded by Barrios.[7] He was a firm supporter of Central American reunification and he wanted to make himself President of a reunited Central America.[1] He was inspired by Otto von Bismarck successfully uniting Germans under Prussia.[8] He wished to do the same; unite Central Americans under Guatemala.[8]

War

Declaration of unification

On 28 February 1885, Barrios gave a speech where he declared himself President of Central America.[7][8] He declared he had supreme authority over all the nations of Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.[7][8] The National Assembly of Guatemala held a session on 5 March and the legislature approved Barrios' declaration.[7][3] Barrios believed all the other Central American nations would be enthusiastic to join Guatemala to recreate a Central American union, but instead, only Honduras accepted his declaration on 7 March.[1][7] The other three nations, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, all denounced the declaration and wished to remain independent.[1][7]

Mexican involvement

Barrios began mobilizing the Guatemalan Army on 10 March and began moving his soldiers to the Salvadoran border on 23 March.[1] He threatened military force and thought that the threat of military action would make El Salvador submit, however, Salvadoran President Rafael Zaldívar began preparing his own army to defend against Barrios' invasion force.[1][3]

El Salvador called for assistance from Mexico to distract the Guatemalans while they prepared their army.[1] President Porfirio Díaz mobilized an army of 15,000 soldiers along the Guatemalan border, and in response, Barrios had 1,500 soldiers stationed on the border under the command of Manuel Barillas to defend from a Mexican invasion.[1] The Guatemalans attempted to negotiate with the Mexicans through the United States' ambassador to Guatemala, Antonio Batres Jáuregui.[1] The negotiations succeeded and Díaz demobilized his soldiers, stating that the measures were for self-defense purposes.[1]

Invasion of El Salvador
Main article: Battle of Chalchuapa

On 31 March, Barrios marched his soldiers into Salvadoran territory and the first target to capture was the town of Chalchuapa.[1] The Salvadorans defended the town with a garrison of 5,000 soldiers under the command of Adán Mora.[1] The Guatemalans waged a battle from 1 to 2 April but the defensive forces stood their ground.[1] Barrios was killed during the battle with reports claiming he was either shot in the heart by a Salvadoran soldier and fell off his horse or that he was shot in the back by a Guatemalan soldier who accidentally shot him.[1][8][9]

After Barrios was killed, one of his military officers, Felipe Cruz, took command of the army.[1] He attempted to keep waging battle, but due to falling morale, he had his forces retreat.[1]

Peace

Zaldívar attempted to seek peace but Cruz initially refused.[1] Honduras and Nicaragua agreed to peace on 11 April while Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica came to peace on 14 April.[1][8]

Aftermath

After Barrios' death, Alejandro M. Sinibaldi became President of Guatemala, who was then succeeded by Barillas in 1886.[6] Zaldívar was overthrown on 22 June by Francisco Menéndez.[1][10] Costa Rican President Próspero Fernández Oreamuno died in office during the war and was succeeded by Bernardo Soto Alfaro.[11]

See also

References
  1. Cifuentes, Ismael (2 April 2008). "Battle of Chalchuapa, 1885". Military Perspective.
  2. "Batallas famosas". Fiestas de Santa Ana El Salvador - El Diario de Hoy. 2 October 2002. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  3. Miller, Hubert J. (1991). "Conservative and Liberal Concordats in Nineteenth-Century Guatemala: Who Won?". Journal of Church and State. Oxford University Press. 33 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1093/jcs/33.1.115. JSTOR 23917163.
  4. Morazán, Francisco (1942). Testamento y memorias del general Francisco Morazán (in Spanish). pp. 4–55.
  5. Karnes, Thomas L. (1961). The Failure of Union: Central America, 1824–1960. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 85.
  6. Hernández de León, Federico (1930). El libro de las efemérides (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise. p. 9.
  7. Lavarreda, Carlos A. El Reformador: Justo Rufino Barrios. Guatemala: Guate360º. p. 47.
  8. Palmer, Steven (1993). "Central American Union or Guatemalan Republic? The National Question in Liberal Guatemala, 1871-1885". The Americas. Cambridge University Press. 49 (4): 513–530. doi:10.2307/1007411. JSTOR 1007411.
  9. Barrientos, Alfonso Enrique (1948). "Ramón Rosa y Guatemala" (PDF). Revista del archivo y biblioteca nacionales (in Spanish). Honduras. 27 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  10. "Presidentes de El Salvador - General Francisco Menéndez" [Presidents of El Salvador - General Francisco Menéndez]. Presidente Elías Antonio Saca El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  11. "Presidentes de la República de Costa Rica" (PDF). Infohistoria.
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