Basque breeds and cultivars

There are a number of Basque breeds and cultivars. These are domesticated animals that have been bred - or plant species cultivated - for particular traits and features by Basque people in the Basque Country.

The location of the Basque provinces within Europe
A Latxa ewe

Some, such as the Alano Español, are not originally Basque but have only survived in the Basque Country.

Basque livestock breeds
A Betizu cow with calf

Azpi Gorri

The Azpi Gorri is a breed of goat found in the Gorbeia region between Álava and Biscay, the Encartaciones, Anboto and Aramotz in Biscay. With less than 100 animals, it is considered an endangered rare breed.[1] The Azpi Gorri is the only recognised goat breed from the region[2]

Basco-béarnaise

The Basco-béarnaise is a sheep breed from the Northern Basque Country and Béarn. Its characteristics are long, white wool, curved horns, weighing up to 80 kg (180 lb). It is mainly a dairy sheep and the milk (7.42% fat content, 5.39% proteins) is used to make the AOC Ossau-Iraty cheese. The equivalent breed in the Spanish Basque Country is the Vasca Carranzana.[3]: 941 

Basque Mountain Horse
Main article: Basque Mountain Horse

Baztanesa

The Baztanesa or Baztango Txerria is an extinct breed of Basque pig of Celtic type. It originated in – and is named for – the Baztan Valley in northern Navarre, and until the 1960s was the most common pig in that area.[4]: 234 

Betizu

The Betizu is a cattle breed characterised as being agile, with a large head and a rectangular profile.

Burguete horse
Main article: Burguete horse

Chato Vitoriano

The Chato Vitoriano, also called the Chato de Vitoria, Chato Alavés or Chato de Llanada among other names, is an extinct Basque pig breed. It originated in Álava, but spread throughout the Basque Country and to other parts of Spain including Valencia, La Rioja and Castilla y Leon. In 1955 the breeding stock numbered some 86000 animals; the breed became extinct in the 1960s.[4]: 232 

Enkarterriko Asto
Latxas in Álava

The Enkarterriko Asto or Spanish: Asno de las Encartaciones is the smallest Iberian donkey breed, with males weighing between 170–210 kg (370–460 lb) and females 140–190 kg (310–420 lb), and the height at the withers is not much more than 120 cm (47 in).

Euskal Antzara

The Euskal Antzara is the Basque breed of domestic goose. It is raised for both meat and eggs. Ganders weigh 7–9 kg (15–20 lb), geese about 1 kg (2.2 lb) less. The eggs are white and weigh at least 160 g (5.6 oz).[5]: 610–11 

Euskal Oiloa
Pottoks bred by the ZAPE Society

The Euskal Oiloa is the chicken breed of the Basque Country. It has five varieties: Beltza (black), Gorria, Lepasoila (naked-necked), Marraduna and Zilarra.[5]: 632–34  At the end of 2013 a population of 10872 birds was reported, all from the País Vasco.[6]

Euskal Txerria

The Euskal Txerria, also called Pie Noir du Pays Basque or Xuri eta beltza, is an indigenous breed of the Basque Country, standardized in France in 1921, and today endangered.

Jaca Navarra
Main article: Jaca Navarra

Latxa
Main article: Latxa

The Latxa ([ˈlatʃa]), also encountered as lacha in the Spanish spelling is a Basque dairy sheep. They are mostly bred in Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Navarre for their milk which is used in the production of Idiazábal and Roncal cheeses.

A medium to small sheep with a fairly coarse wool.

Pottoka

The Pottoka (Basque pronunciation: [poˈcoka]) is an ancient but endangered breed of mountain horse. They are small horses with a large head, small ears, short neck, long back, shaggy mane and small hooves. Originally these roamed the Basque Pyrenees in a semi-feral state but today many are stabled.

Basque dogs
A Basque Shepherd Dog

There are five Basque dog breeds:[7][8]

Of these, all but the Pachón de Vitoria are indigenous to the Basque Autonomous Community, and were recognised as traditional Basque breeds by government decree in 2001.[5]: 599 [9]

Basque cultivars

Alubia pinta alavesa
Alavan pinto beans
Main article: Alubia pinta alavesa

The Alavan pinto bean is a type of common bean.

Basque apple cultivars
An exhibition of apple cultivars at the Igartubeiti baserri in Ezkio-Itsaso

Apple growing has a long history in the Basque Country, in particular for use in making Basque cider. The earliest written records on cider making and drinking go back to the 11th and 12th century, the very first being a record of Sancho III of Navarre sending an envoy to the Monastery of Leire in 1014 who mentions apples and cider-making. The other is the circa 1134 diary of the pilgrim Aymeric Picaud included in the Codex Calixtinus who mentions the Basques being notable for growing apples and drinking cider. The sixteenth-century inquisitor Pierre de Lancre also refers to the Basque Country as "the land of the apple".

Many varieties exist and are used for making cider. Azkue's dictionary alone, which was printed in 1905, lists more than 80 Basque varieties of apples.[10] Depending on the desired character of the finished cider, different varieties and proportions of apple varieties are used. Some common varieties include:

  • Errezila, sharp and sweet (mottled green), the most common Basque apple variety
  • Geza miña, sharp; also called sagar zuria and esnaola sagarra (green)
  • Goikoetxea, sharp (red)
  • Mokoa, sharp (red)
  • Mozoloa sweet and fresh (green)
  • Patzuloa, sweet and fresh (light green)
  • Txalaka sour and sweet (bright green)
  • Ugarte, sour (red)
  • Urdin sagarra, sharp (apple red on top and green underneath)
  • Urtebi txikia, sharp (yellow-green)

Espelette peppers
Main article: Espelette pepper

A variety of mild peppers with AOC certification, grown in the Northern Basque Country in the Espelette area.

Pelua cherries

Pelua cherries are an early Basque black cherry cultivar.[11]

Xapata cherries

Xapata (pronounced [ʃaˈpata]) cherries are a variety of black cherry with a very short fruiting season, lasting only a few weeks around June. They are cultivates mainly in the area around the Lapurdian town of Itxassou.[12]

Pyrenean breeds

Several breeds of animals are common both in the Basque Country and other regions straddling the Pyrenees.

Pirenaica
A group of Pirenaica in the Baztan Valley

The Pirenaica is a breed of cattle found in the Basque Country, Aragon and Catalonia. There were more than 4000 head in the Basque Autonomous Community in 1995, and the breed is not considered endangered.[13]

Pyrenean Mountain Dog

The Pyrenean Mountain Dog (Pirinioetako mendiko zakurra in Basque) is a large breed of livestock guardian dog.

See also

References
  1. Euskal Abereak. Society for Basque Breeds, retrieved 16 November 2009.
  2. Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen J. G.; Sponenberg, D. Phillip (9 March 2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding, 2 Volume Pack. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-466-8.
  3. Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
  4. Mariano Gómez Fernández (2003). The conservation programme for basque pig breeds. Archivos de Zootecnia. 52 (198): 231–235. ISSN 0004-0592.
  5. Miguel Fernández Rodríguez, Mariano Gómez Fernández, Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo, Silvia Adán Belmonte, Miguel Jiménez Cabras (editors) (2009). Guía de campo de las razas autóctonas españolas (in Spanish). Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. ISBN 9788449109461.
  6. Raza aviar EUSKAL OILOA: Datos Censales (in Spanish). Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Accessed September 2014.
  7. Mariano Gómez Fernández (2002). Las razas de ganado autóctonas vascas en el pastoreo vaso (in Spanish). Annals del Centre d'Estudis Comarcals del Ripollès. 2002: 279–290.
  8. Mariano Gómez, I. Amezaga (2003). Conservation of livestock genetic resources in Euskadi (Basque Country). Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 33: 41–55. ISSN 1014-2339.
  9. Juan José Ibarretxe Markuartu (26 December 2001). N°-429: Decreto 373/2001, de 26 de diciembre, sobre razas animales autóctonas vascas y entidades dedicadas a su fomento (in Basque and Spanish). Euskal Herriko Agintaritzaren Aldizkaria/Boletín Oficial del País Vasco 14: 1080–1087.
  10. Azkue, RM. Diccionario Vasco-Español-Francés 1905
  11. Nora Arbelbide (1 June 2006). Gorri, lodi, azukretsu, txiki, beltz... (in Basque). Berria. Archived 16 July 2011.
  12. Kurlansky, M. The Basque History of the World Vintage: 2000 ISBN 0-09-928413-8
  13. Pirenaica (in Spanish). Nekanet]. IKT Nekazal Ikerketa eta Teknologia S.A. = IKT Nekazal Research and Technology S.A. Archived 16 September 2004.
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