Basu's theorem

Let ${\displaystyle P_{\theta }^{T}}$ and ${\displaystyle P_{\theta }^{A}}$ be the marginal distributions of ${\displaystyle T}$ and ${\displaystyle A}$ respectively.

Denote by ${\displaystyle A^{-1}(B)}$ the preimage of a set ${\displaystyle B}$ under the map ${\displaystyle A}$. For any measurable set ${\displaystyle B\in {\mathcal {B}}}$ we have

${\displaystyle P_{\theta }^{A}(B)=P_{\theta }(A^{-1}(B))=\int _{Y}P_{\theta }(A^{-1}(B)\mid T=t)\ P_{\theta }^{T}(dt).}$

The distribution ${\displaystyle P_{\theta }^{A}}$ does not depend on ${\displaystyle \theta }$ because ${\displaystyle A}$ is ancillary. Likewise, ${\displaystyle P_{\theta }(\cdot \mid T=t)}$ does not depend on ${\displaystyle \theta }$ because ${\displaystyle T}$ is sufficient. Therefore

${\displaystyle \int _{Y}{\big [}P(A^{-1}(B)\mid T=t)-P^{A}(B){\big ]}\ P_{\theta }^{T}(dt)=0.}$

Note the integrand (the function inside the integral) is a function of ${\displaystyle t}$ and not ${\displaystyle \theta }$. Therefore, since ${\displaystyle T}$ is boundedly complete the function

${\displaystyle g(t)=P(A^{-1}(B)\mid T=t)-P^{A}(B)}$

is zero for ${\displaystyle P_{\theta }^{T}}$ almost all values of ${\displaystyle t}$ and thus

${\displaystyle P(A^{-1}(B)\mid T=t)=P^{A}(B)}$

for almost all ${\displaystyle t}$. Therefore, ${\displaystyle A}$ is independent of ${\displaystyle T}$.

Let X₁, X₂, ..., X_n be independent, identically distributed normal random variables with mean μ and variance σ².

Then with respect to the parameter μ, one can show that

${\displaystyle {\widehat {\mu }}={\frac {\sum X_{i}}{n}},}$

the sample mean, is a complete and sufficient statistic – it is all the information one can derive to estimate μ, and no more – and

${\displaystyle {\widehat {\sigma }}^{2}={\frac {\sum \left(X_{i}-{\bar {X}}\right)^{2}}{n-1}},}$

the sample variance, is an ancillary statistic – its distribution does not depend on μ.

Therefore, from Basu's theorem it follows that these statistics are independent conditional on ${\displaystyle \mu }$, conditional on ${\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}}$.

This independence result can also be proven by Cochran's theorem.

Further, this property (that the sample mean and sample variance of the normal distribution are independent) characterizes the normal distribution – no other distribution has this property.[3]