Siege of Sirhind

The Siege of Sirhind was fought between the Mughal Empire and Sikh forces in 1710. The Sikhs besieged, stormed, captured, plundered and razed the city of Sirhind[1][3][4] after defeating and beheading Wazir Khan in the Battle of Chappar Chiri.[1][5][6][7]

Siege of Sirhind
Part of Mughal-Sikh Wars
DateMay 12-May 14 1710
Location
Sirhind (modern Punjab, India)
Result

Sikh victory[1]

  • Establishment of Sikh rule from Lahore to the sanctum sanctorum of Delhi.[2]
Belligerents
Khalsa (Sikhs) Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
 Sucha Nand (POW) Executed
Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
500 Unknown
Not to be confused with Battle of Chappar Chiri, known alternatively as the Battle of Sirhind, or the Battle of Sirhind (1555) and Battle of Sirhind (1764).

Background

The city of Sirhind was anathema to the Sikhs who were raged to take vengeance upon the Mughal regime of Sirhind, under whom the two young children of Guru Gobind Singh were executed on the order of the governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan and his dewan Sucha Nand.[8] Some prominent towns on the way to Sirhind were captured and plundered including Sonepat, Kaithal, Samana, Shahabad, Mustafabad and Sadhaura,[9] as they could provide military assistance to the Mughal government of Sirhind.[10][11] Due to consistent victories, many plunderers, looking to prey upon the riches within the walls of Sirhind, also followed Banda Singh Bahadur and his Sikh troops on his march to Sirhind.[12]

Siege

After defeating and killing Wazir Khan in the battle of Chappar Chiri, Banda Singh Bahadur and his forces began their march to Sirhind, roughly 10 miles from the battle field. The gates of the city were closed, and the guns mounted on the fort's walls maintained steady fire on the Sikhs and managed to inflict considerable losses upon them. Fighting resumed on May 13, the fort guns had managed to kill 500 of Banda's troops, in response, the Sikhs fired a deadly volley on the fort gun, rendering it useless and attacked the city's gates, successfully managing to open some of them.[5][6][7]

Capture

On 14 May 1710, Banda and his army entered and captured Sirhind, and an immense destruction of life and property ensued shortly after.[5][6][7] Sucha Nand was captured alive and later executed,[13][6] whereas other Hindus who contributed to the crimes of Wazir Khan were punished.[7] Banda seized two crores worth of government treasury and moveable property which was moved to Lohgarh.[14]

Atrocities on Muslims

A number of accounts point to general atrocities committed by Banda's troops on the Muslim community and their vassals in Sirhind; however during the expedition numerous Muslim tombs were spared including the mausoleum of Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alif Sani leading to doubts on the extent.[15]

Hari Ram Gupta noted that several notable Muslims saved their lives by converting to Sikhism.[14] Yogesh Snehi noted that Banda Singh Bahadur destroyed imperial mosques and the fort of Sirhind during his raid, where the two young sons of Guru Gobind Singh were executed.[16] V.D Mahajan also writes that thousands of Muslims were killed during the siege.[17] The New Cambridge History of India notes that the Sikhs massacred those who did not readily convert to Sikhism and destroyed the city buildings.[18] According to Ganda Singh, allegations of desecrations of mosques were unfounded since the mausoleum of Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alif Sani, which was the most magnificent buildings in the town, was left untouched after the battle. He further castigates the writers of the Siyar-ul-Mutakherin and Muntakhib-ul-Lubab for exaggerating Sikh atrocities, the statements of which were repeated by later writers like Mohammad Latif.[7] He goes on to write that the Muslim populace, due to their affiliation with persecution and religious intolerance towards the poor and innocents, was subject to indiscriminate plunder by the crusaders impelled by the memory of the execution of Guru Gobind Singh's sons and the host of plunderers and irregulars ravenously looted and avenged personal animosities. Only the Muslims who disguised themselves and hid themselves in the houses of Hindus were able to escape injury. Likewise the Hindus who were guilty of crimes against the innocents were punished and the city was spared from complete destruction as local Hindus appealed for forgiveness, and amnesty was granted to the city inhabitants after a large ransom was paid to Banda Singh Bahadur.[19][7] Khafi Khan's and Latif's account of the siege has also been criticized by Dr. Harbans Sagoo,[20] S.S. Gandhi,[21] and Gokul Chand Narang as erroneous, lacking critical analysis and understanding, and on the basis of the chroniclers being Muslims and therefore ostensibly impartial to their regime.[19][22][7]

Aftermath

After the conquest of Sirhind, Banda Singh ousted the Muslim officers from all 28 parganahs of the Sirhind division and replaced them with his own men.[23] He appointed Baj Singh as the governor of Sirhind and Ali Singh of Salaudi as his deputy, and struck coins.[24][25][7] Although the Mughals could regain control of the urban areas of Sirhind, they were unable to police the countryside, allowing Banda and his men to establish a parallel authority within those areas by levying taxes, raiding towns and trade routes and striking their own coinage.[26] Banda Singh made Mukhlispur, an imperial fort now given the name of Lohgarh, the capital of Sikh state, made his own administrative arrangements, appointed his own faujdars, diwans and kardars (revenue officers), and used his own inscripted authorized seal on his orders.[27] He further abolished the zamindari system (feudal system) and distributed land among the farmers.[28]

After the victory, due to the reports of intolerance and prejudiced treatment by Muslims from towns of Saharanpur, Behar, Nanautah and Jalalabad, Banda marched to engage the imperial army in battle.[29] With the entire province of Sirhind under his possession, Banda Singh became popular as the defender of the faith and champion of the oppressors.[30]

See also

References
  1. Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 948. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
  2. Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century. p. 32.
  3. Dhavan, Purnima (2011-11-03). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
  4. McLeod, W.H. (1997). Sikhism. Penguin Books. p. 64. ISBN 9780140252606.
  5. Sagoo 2001, p. 132.
  6. Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2013-03-28) [1909]. The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-108-05547-5.
  7. Singh, Ganda (1989) [1950]. A Short History of the Sikhs. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 84.
  8. Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780195673081.
  9. Sagoo 2001, p. 128.
  10. Gandhi, Surjit (1999). Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century. p. 28.
  11. Sagoo, Harbans Kaur (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovreignty. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 124. ISBN 9788176293006.
  12. Sagoo 2001, p. 129.
  13. Sagoo 2001, p. 133.
  14. Gupta, Hari Ram (1978) [1937]. History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) (3rd ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 9788121502481.
  15. Madra, Amandeep Singh; Singh, P. (2016-09-27). Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810). Palgrave Macmillan US (Springer). p. 92. ISBN 978-1-137-11998-8.
  16. Snehi, Yogesh (2019-04-24). Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality. co-published by Taylor & Francis and the Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-429-51563-7.
  17. Mahajan, V. D. (1971). India Since 1526. S. Chand Publishing. p. 232. ISBN 9788121911450.
  18. Richards, John F. (1993). The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 1, Part 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0521400275.
  19. Singh, Ganda (1990) [1935]. Life of Banda Singh Bahadur. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. pp. 67–69.
  20. Sagoo 2001, p. 143.
  21. Gandhi, S.S. (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century:Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 33. ISBN 9788172052171.
  22. The Panjab Past and Present: Volume 22. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1988. p. 76. Certain allegations against Banda, viz., the exhumation of grave, desecration of mosques or setting them ablaze, forcible conversions to Sikhism after the sack of Sirhind, Sadhaura or other places, have been examined by Ganda Singh and finds no iota of truth... a statement of G. C. Narang, which says that the standing of the mausoleum of Ahmad Shah after the Muslims lost Sirhind is itself a sufficient evidence of the exaggeration in Latif's statement, which nevertheless is corroborated by Khafi Khan.
  23. Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab. The Minerva Book Shop. p. 47.
  24. Dr H.S. Singha (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. p. 9. ISBN 9788170102588.
  25. Gupta 1999, p. 14.
  26. Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780191004117.
  27. Grewal, J.S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab Volumes 2-3. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780521637640.
  28. Kaur, Madanjit (2007). Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective. Unistar Books. p. 241. ISBN 9788189899554.
  29. Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab. Minerva book shop. p. 47.
  30. Sagoo 2001, p. 134.
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