Salt Spring Island

Salt Spring Island, or ĆUÁN (čuʔén), was initially inhabited by Salishan peoples of various tribes.[3][4][5] Other Saanich placenames on the island include: ȾESNO¸EṈ¸ (t̕ᶿəsnáʔəŋ̕) for Beaver Point, S¸ĆUÁN (sʔčuʔén) for Cape Keppel, W̱ENÁ¸NEĆ (xʷən̕en̕əč) for Fulford Harbour, SYOW̱T (syaxʷt) for Ganges Harbour, and ṮÁȽEṈ (ƛ̕éɬəŋ) for Isabella Point.[4][5]

The North side of the island was originally settled mostly by African Americans from California, while the South side was settled by Native Hawaiians known as 'Kanaka'.[3] Other settlers included those from Portugal and the British Isles, including English, Irish, and Scots.[6]

Black settlers left California in 1858 after the state passed discriminatory legislation targeting African-Americans. Before the emigration, Mifflin Wistar Gibbs travelled with two other men up to the colony to interview Governor James Douglas about what kind of treatment they could expect there. The Governor was a Guyanese man of multi-ethnic birth, and assured them that people of African descent in Canada would be fairly treated and that the colony had abolished slavery more than 20 years before. Throughout the 1800s, Vesuvius and Ganges were predominantly African-American communities.[7] Racial tensions arose between August 1867 and December 1868, when three Black men were murdered in the community of Vesuvius Bay. The murderers were largely blamed on the local coastal Indigenous community. Many of the murders remained unsolved by authorities, leading to a hostile environment for Black residents whose population subsequently dwindled.[7] Much of the youth moved away to Victoria, Vancouver, and on occasion to the United States.[7]

The island was the first of the Gulf Islands to be settled by non-First Nations people. According to 1988's A Victorian Missionary and Canadian Indian Policy, it was the first agricultural settlement established anywhere in the Colony of Vancouver Island that was not owned by the Hudson's Bay Company or its subsidiary the Pugets Sound Agricultural Company.[8][9]

A 1929 class photo from Salt Spring Island's Central School reflecting the diverse make-up of the community

Salt Spring Island was the first in the Colony of Vancouver Island and British Columbia to allow settlers to acquire land through pre-emption: settlers could occupy and improve the land before purchase, being permitted to buy it at a cost per acre of one dollar after proving they had done so.[10] Before 1871 (when the merged Colony of British Columbia joined Canada), all property acquired on Salt Spring Island was purchased in this way; between 1871 and 1881, it was still by far the primary method of land acquisition, accounting for 96% of purchases.[10] As a result, the history of early settlers on Salt Spring Island is unusually detailed.[11]

The method of land purchase helped to ensure that the land was used for agricultural purposes and that the settlers were mostly families.[12] Ruth Wells Sandwell in Beyond the City Limit indicates that few of the island's early residents were commercial farmers, with most families maintaining subsistence plots and supplementing through other activities, including fishing, logging, and working for the colony's government.[13] Some families later abandoned their land as a result of lack of civic services on the island or other factors, such as the livestock-killing cold of the winter of 1862.[14]

During World War II, 77 Japanese Canadian families living on Salt Spring Island were forcibly relocated away from the coast due to the Internment of Japanese Canadians. Gavin C. Mouat was appointed Custodian of the properties they left behind. Mouat sold the properties below market value using his Custodial rights without the consent of the owners. Salt Spring Lands Ltd., of which Mouat was the president, ended up purchasing some of the properties. Only one of the interned families, the Murakami's, purchased property on the island again and returned.[15][16]

During the 1960s, the island became a political refuge for United States citizens, this time for draft evaders during the Vietnam War.[17]

Beddis Beach, Salt Spring Island

Vesuvius, Salt Spring Island

The island was known as "Chuan" or "Chouan" Island in 1854, but it was also called "Salt Spring" as early as 1855, because of the island's salt springs.[18]

In 1859, it was officially named "Admiralty Island" in honour of Rear-Admiral Robert Lambert Baynes by surveyor Captain Richards, who named various points of the island in honour of the Rear-Admiral and his flagship, HMS Ganges.[18] Even while named "Admiralty Island", it was referred to popularly as Salt Spring, as in James Richardson's report for the Geological Survey of Canada in 1872.[8][19]

According to records of the Geographic Board of Canada, the island was officially retitled Saltspring on March 1, 1910,[18] though the year 1905 is given by unofficial sources.[8] According to the Integrated Land Management Bureau of British Columbia, locals incline equally to Salt Spring and Saltspring for current use.[18] The official chamber of commerce website for the island, which gives a date of 1906 for the renaming, adopts the two word title, stating that the Geographic Board of Canada, in choosing the one word name, "cared nothing for local opinion or Island tradition."[20]

Located between Mainland British Columbia and Vancouver Island, Salt Spring Island is the most frequently visited of the Gulf Islands as well as the most populous, with a 2016 census population of 10,557 inhabitants.[21] The largest village on the island is Ganges. The island is known for its artists.[17][22] In addition to Canadian dollars, island banks and some island businesses accept Salt Spring's own local currency, the Salt Spring dollar.[20][23]

The island is part of the Southern Gulf Islands, (Salt Spring Island, Galiano Island, Pender Island, Saturna Island, Mayne Island), which are all part of the Capital Regional District, along with the municipalities of Greater Victoria. Salt Spring Island's highest point of elevation is Bruce Peak, which according to topographic data from Natural Resources Canada is just over 700 m (2,300 ft) above sea level.

Fulford Harbour, Salt Spring Island, from Musgrave Road

Salt Spring Island has a temperate warm-summer mediterranean climate (Csb) and experiences warm, dry summers and cool winters.[24]

Salt Spring Island has many hiking trails. Two of these trails are rough and windy trails that lead to the summit regions of both Bruce Peak 709 m (2,326 ft) above sea level,[26] and Mount Tuam 602 meters (1,975 feet) above sea level. These two mountain peaks are the tallest points of land on the Southern Gulf Islands. Many short hikes can also be found on the island. One of these is the 2 km (1.2 mi) long trek to the summit of Mount Erskine, which is 436 m (1,430 ft) above sea level.[27]

Cycling on Saltspring Island may involve large elevation changes and poor road conditions with limited curb space.[28]

Fulford Harbour and Skeena Queen

View of Fulford Harbour from Mount Maxwell

• Michael Ableman – author, organic farmer
• Don Arney – inventor
• Randy Bachman – musician, songwriter, and CBC personality (moved off island)
• Nick Bantock – author and artist (former resident of Salt Spring Island)
• Robert Bateman – wildlife artist[29]
• Arthur Black – CBC personality and humorist (deceased)
• Brian Brett – poet and novelist (moved away)
• Howard Busgang – comedian and television producer
• Michael Colgan – nutritionist/bodybuilding writer
• Jane Eaton Hamilton ("Hamilton") – novelist, poet, short story writer, essayist (1986–1991; 2017–)
• Bill Henderson – singer-songwriter (The Collectors, Chilliwack)
• Robert Hilles – poet and novelist
• Tom Hooper – singer, songwriter, co-founder of the Grapes of Wrath
• Chris Humphreys – actor, playwright and novelist
• Scott Hylands – actor
• Dan Jason – author, organic farming advocate
• Mary Kitagawa – educator
• Sky Lee – artist and novelist
• Peter Levitt – poet and translator
• Pearl Luke – author
• Derek Lundy – author
• Tara MacLean – musician and singer-songwriter
• Harry Manx – musician and singer-songwriter
• Stuart Margolin – actor and director (The Rockford Files—former resident of Salt Spring Island) (deceased)
• James Monger – PhD award-winning geologist
• Malcolm Muggeridge – English journalist, author, soldier, spy, Christian apologist, iconoclast (briefly)
• Kathy Page – writer
• Kevin Patterson – medical doctor and writer
• Briony Penn – University of Victoria professor, author, and environmental activist
• Jan Rabson – voice-over actor
• Raffi – singer-songwriter [29]
• Bruce Reid – local businessman
• Eric Roberts – British intelligence officer
• Clare Rustad – Canada women's national soccer team
• Hannah Simone – actor, producer, writer (New Girl)
• Malcolm Smith – motorcyclist
• Sylvia Stark – African-American pioneer
• Patrick Taylor – Northern Irish author
• Meg Tilly – actress and novelist
• Valdy – folk and country musician
• Phyllis Webb – poet and radio broadcaster(deceased)
• Simon Whitfield – Olympic triathlon champion
• Ronald Wright – author
• Olivia Poole – inventor

Salt Spring Elementary

• Gulf Islands Secondary School
• Salt Spring Island Middle School
• Fulford Elementary School
• Salt Spring Elementary School
• Salt Spring Centre School
• Phoenix School
• Fernwood Elementary School

Local bus transit on the island is provided by BC Transit.

BC Ferries operates three routes to Salt Spring: between Tsawwassen (on the BC mainland) and Long Harbour (on the east side of Salt Spring), between Swartz Bay (at the north end of Vancouver Island's Saanich Peninsula) and Fulford Harbour (at the south end of Salt Spring), and between Crofton (on the east side of Vancouver Island) and Vesuvius (on the west side of Salt Spring).

Salt Spring Air, Seair Seaplanes and Harbour Air Seaplanes operate floatplane services from Ganges Water Aerodrome to Vancouver Harbour Water Airport and Vancouver International Water Airport. Kenmore Air operates between Ganges and Lake Union, Seattle, United States.

Library facilities have existed on Salt Spring in one form or another since the early 1930s. The demand for books and resources has only grown since then, requiring constant expansions over the years to accommodate the needs of the island residents. In December 2012, the new Salt Spring Island Public Library was opened. The library is staffed by three librarians, among other paid positions and close to 200 volunteers.[30]

Telecommunications service providers include Telus and Shaw, with most wireless carriers providing coverage. The Island is served by the Ganges and Fulford Harbour exchanges. Active Radio Amateurs maintain wireless repeaters located on Mt Bruce. 2 meter band (147.320 MHz). Coverage from Nanaimo, Vancouver and Victoria.

• Long Harbour, British Columbia
• Ruckle Provincial Park
• Wallace Island Marine Provincial Park
• Salt Spring dollar

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saltspring Island.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saltspring Island.

• Islands Trust, Salt Spring Island
• Salt Spring Island Archives

48°50′N 123°30′W