Bega Begum

Bega Begum (c. 1511 – 17 January 1582) was Empress consort of the Mughal Empire from 26 December 1530 to 17 May 1540 and 22 February 1555 to 27 January 1556 as the first wife and chief consort of the second Mughal emperor Humayun.[1][2][3][4] She was known as Zan-i-Kalan being the first wife of Humayun and was also known as Haji Begum after she performed the Hajj pilgrimage.[5]

Bega Begum
Empress consort of the Mughal Empire
Padshah Begum
First Tenure1530 – 1540
PredecessorMaham Begum
Second Tenure1555 – 1556
SuccessorHamida Banu Begum
BornBega Begum
c. 1511
Khurasan, Persia
Died17 January 1582(1582-01-17) (aged 70–71)
Delhi, India
Burial
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1527; d. 1556)​
Issue
HouseTimurid (by marriage)
FatherYadgar Beg
ReligionIslam

Bega Begum began the tradition of commissioning monuments in the Mughal Empire when she had her husband's mausoleum commissioned in the late 16th century, Humayun's Tomb at Delhi. This first colossal monumental mausoleum in Islamic India can be considered an early masterpiece that decisively influence the design of the later Taj Mahal, the high point of Mughal architecture.[1][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Early years and marriage

Bega Begum was a Persian from Khurasan[12] and was the daughter of Humayun's maternal uncle (taghai), Yadgar Beg,[2] who was the brother of Sultan Ali Mirza, father of Kamran Mirza's wife Gulrukh Begum. She was a wise, well educated woman and had profound knowledge of medicine and treatment also.

Bega married her first cousin,[13] Prince Nasir ud-din (later known as 'Humayun' upon his accession) in 1527. The marriage took place while Humayun was in Badakshan during his second term as Viceroy of the province (1527-1529). In November 1528, she gave birth to Humayun's first child and son, Shahzada Al-aman Mirza. The imperial couple were tremendously congratulated by the Emperor Babur on the birth of an heir, although the connotation of his name, 'Al-aman', he thought ominous. The prince died in his infancy.[14]

Empress

Upon Emperor Babur's death in December 1530, Humayun ascended the throne at twenty three-years of age, while Bega was just nineteen when she became empress. She subsequently came to India for the first time, while accompanying her husband. Bega was held in high regard by Humayun throughout his life and remained his favourite as well as his chief consort until his death.[15][16]

In 1531, Bega announced her second pregnancy to the imperial family after arriving in Agra from Kabul. Here, she gave birth to her last known child, a daughter, Aqiqa Sultan Begum.[17] In 1539, Bega accompanied her husband to Chausa, Bengal, where she was taken as a prisoner by Sher Shah Suri, after a well developed surprise attack on the Mughal territory by Sher Shah's forces.[14] According to Niccolao Manucci, she was the only Mughal empress to have ever been held captive.[18]

On the morning of 26 June 1539, Humayun learned about her captivity, he immediately sprang on a horse and collected a small guard consisting of four nobles, Tardi Beg, Baba Beg, Koch Beg, and MrBachka Bahadur. Endeavouring to save the empress, they attempted to fight their way through the Afghan crowd and in doing so all except Tardi Beg were cut down. He alone returned to Humayun. The Tazkirat-ul-umard mentions the death of one Mir Pehlwan Badakshi. Initially, two faithful officers - Baba Julair and Que Beg - while zealously attempting to execute the emperor's orders, courted "martyrdom at the door of Her Majesty's enclosure" and were slain at the entrance of the private tents.[14]

While in captivity, the empress was treated by Sher Shah with the utmost courtesy and respect and he had her returned to Humayun escorted by his most trusted general, Khwas Khan.[7][19] Unfortunately, the ordeal at Chausa led to death of her eight-year-old daughter, Aqiqa Sultan Begum, on 27 June.[20] Humayun became extremely devastated and regretted ever bringing his daughter to Chausa in the first place. He blamed himself, confessing to his younger brother Hindal Mirza, 'In the earlier disturbance, Aqiqa Bibi [his daughter] had disappeared and I suffered from everlasting regret why I had not killed her myself' [lest she fall into the enemy's hands], a sentiment that his brother entirely endorsed.[21][22]

Bega was also with Humayun throughout his long exile in Persia at the court of the Safavid dynasty.[23] She also took an active interest in the affairs of the state. Bega Begum's brother-in-law, Zahid Beg, was favoured when he was appointed Governor of Bengal which the latter declined. Humayun wanted to punish him but she interceded, though in vain, to seek the Emperor's pardon for him.[24]

Dowager empress

When Humayun died in 1556, Bega Begum grieved so deeply over her husband's death that she dedicated her life thenceforth to a sole purpose: the construction of the most magnificent mausoleum in the empire, at a site near the Yamuna River in Delhi for the memorial of the late emperor.[6] Bega Begum undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina for Hajj in 1564, but before starting on her absence from the Court for three years, she made arrangements for the construction of the mausoleum at her own cost.[25] She returned from Hajj in 1567,[26] then led a retired life at Delhi and supervised the project.[3]

The empress' choice of architect for the construction of the mausoleum was the Persian architect, Mirak Mirza Ghiyas.[27] Bega Begum was interested in patronizing education and so she established a madrasa near the mausoleum. She was also responsible for the construction of the Arab Sarai near the tomb.[28]

Death
Humayun's Tomb, commissioned by Bega Begum, where she was later buried.

Bega Begum died in 1582 in Delhi, after a brief illness, and was mourned by her step-son, the Emperor Akbar; whom she shared an extremely close relationship with. Akbar was, in fact, so attached to her that many people, as Akbar himself confirmed, mistook her to be his real mother and confused her with his biological mother, Hamida Banu Begum. `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni (Badauni) called Bega Begum 'second mother to the Emperor [Akbar]'.[29] Akbar escorted her body to Humayun's Tomb for her burial.[11]

Legacy

During the Mughal era (sixteenth to nineteenth century) the practice of commissioning monuments received a fillip through the efforts of Bega Begum with the construction of Humayun's Tomb. This first colossal monumental mausoleum in Islamic India can be considered an early masterpiece that was to decisively influence the design of the later Taj Mahal, the high point of Mughal architecture. The mausoleum was principally based on Persian architectural vocabularies, but was cleverly Indianized. The surrounding garden was also the first prodigious materialization of the form of the Persian 'Chahar Bagh' (Quartered Garden) in India. The mausoleum is the best representative monument in the Indian capital (Delhi) of the past authority of the Mughal Empire.[27]

References
  1. Annemarie Schimmel; Burzine K. Waghmar (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books. pp. 149. ISBN 9781861891853.
  2. Banerji, S.K. (1938). Humayun Badshah. Oxford University Press. pp. 97, 232.
  3. Neeru Misra; Tanay Misra (2003). The garden tomb of Humayun: an abode in paradise. Aryan Books International. p. 1.
  4. Nath, R. (1982). History of Mughal architecture (1. publ. ed.). Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press. ISBN 9780391026506.
  5. "Humayun's Tomb". Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  6. Kamiya, Takeo. "HUMAYUN'S TOMB in DELHI". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  7. Burke, S. M. (1989). Akbar, the Greatest Mogul. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 191.
  8. Eraly, Abraham (2007). The Mughal world: Life in India's Last Golden Age. Penguin Books. p. 369. ISBN 9780143102625.
  9. Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919). Akbar: The Great Mogul 1542-1605. Clarendon Press. p. 125.
  10. Henderson, Carol E. (2002). Culture and Customs of India. Greenwood Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780313305139.
  11. "Mausoleum that Humayun never built". The Hindu. April 28, 2003. Archived from the original on December 6, 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  12. Bhalla, A. S. (2015). Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj. I.B.Tauris. p. 74. ISBN 978-1784530877.
  13. Lal, K.S. (1988). The Mughal harem. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. p. 19. ISBN 9788185179032.
  14. Lal, Muni (1978). Humayun. Vikas Publ. House. pp. 81, 212. ISBN 9780706906455.
  15. B. P. Saha (1997). Begams, Concubines, and Memsahibs. Vikas Pub. House. p. 7.
  16. Fazl, Abul (1907). Akbar Nama, Volume 1. The Asiatic Society. p. 340.
  17. Gulbadan Begam; Beveridge, Annette S (1902). The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama). Billing and Sons. pp. 14, 112.
  18. Agrawal, C.M., ed. (2001). Indian woman. Delhi: Indian Publishers Distributors. p. 247. ISBN 9788173412127.
  19. Erskine, William. A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun, Volume 2. 1854: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 445.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  20. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1917). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. p. 552.
  21. Mukhia, Harbans (2007). The Mughals of India. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 69. ISBN 9780470758151.
  22. Gulbadan Begum (1902). The History of Humāyūn. Royal Asiatic Society. p. 143.
  23. Edward James Rap;son, Sir Wolseley Haig, Sir Richard Burn (1968). The Cambridge History of India, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press Archive. The tomb was built by Humayun's widow, Haji Begum, who shared his long exile at the court of the Safavids.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. Sharma, Sudha (2016). The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India. SAGE Publications India. p. 184. ISBN 9789351505679.
  25. Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919). Akbar: The Great Mogul 1542-1605. Clarendon Press. p. 75.
  26. Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780521850223.
  27. Helland, Janice (2005). Cherry, Deborah (ed.). Local/global : Women Artists in the Nineteenth Century. Ashgate. p. 70. ISBN 9780754631972.
  28. Capper, John (1997). Delhi, the capital of India (AES reprint. ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 81. ISBN 9788120612822.
  29. Sharma, Sudha (2016). The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India. SAGE Publications India. p. 65. ISBN 9789351505679.

Bibliography

Three Memoirs of Homayun. Volume One: Humáyunnáma and Tadhkiratu'l-wáqíát; Volume Two: Táríkh-i Humáyún, translated from the Persian by Wheeler Thackston. Bilingual Edition, Bibliotheca Iranica: Intellectual Traditions, No. 11 (March 15, 2009). ISBN 1-56859-178-0

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