Benjamin Hardin Helm

Helm during his Kentucky State Guard service, 1860.

The son of lawyer and politician John L. Helm and Lucinda Barbour Hardin, Benjamin Hardin Helm was born in Bardstown, Kentucky on June 2, 1831.[3] In the winter of 1846, at age 15, Helm enrolled at the Kentucky Military Institute, where he remained for three months. He left on his 16th birthday to accept an appointment at West Point the same day.[4] Helm graduated in 1851 near his 20th birthday, ranked 9th in a class of 42 cadets.[5] He became a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Dragoons. He served at a cavalry school at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and at Fort Lincoln, Texas, but resigned his commission after a year, when he was diagnosed with inflammatory rheumatism.[6]

Helm then studied law at the University of Louisville and Harvard University, graduating in 1853 and practicing law with his father.[7] In 1855, he was elected to the House of Representatives of Kentucky from Hardin County, and was the state's attorney for the 3rd district of Kentucky from 1856 to 1858.[8] In 1856, Helm married Emilie Todd, a half-sister of Mary Todd Lincoln.[9]

In 1860, he was appointed assistant inspector-general of the Kentucky State Guard, which he was active in organizing.[10] Kentucky remained officially neutral during the American Civil War, but his brother-in-law, now President Abraham Lincoln, offered him the position of paymaster of the Union Army.[11] Helm declined the offer, and returned to Kentucky to raise the 1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment for the Confederate Army.[11]

Helm was commissioned a colonel on October 19, 1861, and served under Brigadier General Simon B. Buckner in Bowling Green, Kentucky.[12] Helm and the 1st Kentucky were then ordered south. He was promoted to brigadier general on March 14, 1862, and, three weeks later, received a new assignment to raise the 3rd Kentucky Brigade, in the division of Major General John C. Breckinridge.[13] During the Battle of Shiloh, Helm used his brigade to guard the Confederate flanks.[13] In 1862, he was also sent to protect the Arkansas, an ironclad warship of the Confederate Navy under construction in Yazoo City, Mississippi.[14] Serving under Breckinridge in January 1863, he was given command of the First Kentucky Brigade, commonly known as the "Orphan Brigade".[15] Helm's brigade was assigned to the Army of Tennessee, where it participated in the 1863 Tullahoma and Chickamauga campaigns.[11] Near the end of the spring of 1863, Breckinridge ordered Helm to deploy the brigade to Vicksburg, Mississippi to participate in General Joseph E. Johnston's unsuccessful attempt to break the siege. Helm called it "the most unpleasant and trying [campaign] of his career".[16]

Bust of Helm by Anton Schaaf at Vicksburg National Military Park, 1914

In the fall of 1863, the 1st Kentucky Brigade formed a part of General Braxton Bragg's counteroffensive against Union Major General William Rosecrans in Chattanooga, Tennessee.[17] At 9:30 am on September 20, 1863, the divisions of Generals Breckinridge and Patrick Cleburne were ordered to move forward.[16] Helm's brigade and the others in Breckinridge's division drove into the Federals' left.[16] General Cleburne's division, which was intended to strike near the center of the line, was delayed by heavy fire from Union soldiers, leaving the left flank unguarded.[16] Repeated attempts to overwhelm the Federals were in vain, though some of Helm's Kentuckians and Alabamians managed to reach within 39 yards (36 m) of the Federal line.[16] In less than an hour of the order given to advance, fully one third of the Orphan Brigade had been lost.[18] While the remainder of Helm's men clashed with the Union line, a sharpshooter from the 15th Kentucky Union Infantry shot Helm in the chest.[16] Bleeding profusely, he remained in the saddle a few moments before toppling to the ground.[19] After being carried off the battlefield, Helm's surgeons concluded that his wounds would be fatal.[16] Helm clung to life for several hours. Knowing that his health was deteriorating, he asked who had won the battle. When assured that the Confederates had carried the day, he muttered: "Victory!, Victory!, Victory!".[20] On September 21, 1863, Gen. Helm succumbed to his wounds.[16]

Following his death, Abraham Lincoln and his wife went into private mourning at the White House.[21] Mary Lincoln's niece recalled: "She knew that a single tear shed for a dead enemy would bring torrents of scorn and bitter abuse on both her husband and herself."[22] However, the widowed Emilie Todd Helm was granted safe passage to the White House in December 1863.[23]

In an official report of the Battle of Chickamauga, General Daniel Harvey Hill stated that Benjamin Helm's "gallantry and loveliness of character endeared him to everyone."[21] In a letter to Emilie Todd Helm, General Breckinridge said, "Your husband commanded them [the men of the Orphan brigade] like a thorough soldier. He loved them, they loved him, and he died at their head, a patriot and a hero."[21]

• List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

• Allardice, Bruce S.; Hewitt, Lawrence L. (2008). Kentuckians in Gray: Confederate Generals and Field Officers of the Bluegrass State. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2475-9. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
• Barefoot, Daniel W. (2005). Let Us Die Like Brave Men: Behind the Dying Words of Confederate Warriors. North Carolina: John F. Blair. ISBN 0-89587-311-7.
• Clinton, Catherine (2010). Mrs. Lincoln: A Life. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-076041-0.
• Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
• Thompson, Edwin P. (1868). History of the First Kentucky Brigade. United Kingdom: Caxton Publishing House. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
• Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.

• McMurtry, Robert (1943). Ben Hardin Helm: "rebel" brother in law of Abraham Lincoln, with a biographical sketch of his wife and an account of the Todd family of Kentucky. Chicago: Civil War Round Table.

• Works by or about Benjamin Hardin Helm at Internet Archive
• "Helm, John Larue" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892.
• Benjamin Hardin Helm at Find a Grave