Beno Gutenberg

Beno Gutenberg (/ˈɡuːtənbɜːrɡ/; June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-American seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. He was a colleague and mentor of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude.

Beno Gutenberg
Born(1889-06-04)June 4, 1889
Darmstadt, German Empire
DiedJanuary 25, 1960(1960-01-25) (aged 70)
Pasadena, California
NationalityGerman
Alma materUniversity of Göttingen
Known forGutenberg discontinuity
Gutenberg–Richter law
Body-wave magnitude scale
Surface-wave magnitude scale
Low-velocity zone
Microbarom
AwardsWilliam Bowie Medal (1953)
Scientific career
Fieldsseismology
InstitutionsCalifornia Institute of Technology
Doctoral advisorEmil Wiechert

Early life, family and education

Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany. His father owned a factory.

He obtained his doctorate in physics from the University of Göttingen in 1911. His advisor was Emil Wiechert.

Career

During World War I, Gutenberg served in the German Army as a meteorologist in support of gas warfare operations.[1]

Gutenberg held positions at the University of Strasbourg, which he lost when Strasbourg became French in 1918. After some years during which he had to sustain himself with managing his father's soap factory, he obtained in 1926 a junior professorship at University of Frankfurt-am-Main, which was poorly paid.

Although he was already, in the 1920s, one of the leading seismologists worldwide and definitely the leading seismologist in Germany, he was still dependent on the position in his father's factory; however, he continued his research in his spare time.

In 1928, the attempt to become the successor of his academic teacher, Emil Wiechert, in Göttingen, failed. There are hints that Gutenberg's Jewish[2] background might have played a role because, already in the 1920s, there were strong antisemitic tendencies in German universities. For similar reasons, he was also not accepted for a professorship in Potsdam to become the successor of Gustav Angenheister.

Move to the US

Since Gutenberg could not sustain a career of scientific work in Germany, he accepted a position as Professor of Geophysics at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena in 1930,[3] becoming founding director of the Seismological Laboratory when it was transferred to Caltech from Carnegie. Even if he had obtained a full professorship in Germany, he would have lost it in 1933 anyway like so many other scientists of Jewish ancestry, at least 30 of whom emigrated to the United States under Gutenberg's sponsorship.

Gutenberg made the California Institute of Technology Seismological Laboratory the leading seismological institute worldwide, especially in his collaboration with Charles Francis Richter. Together, they developed a relationship between seismic magnitude and energy, represented in this equation:

which gives the energy given from earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs. Another famous result, known as Gutenberg–Richter law, provides probability distribution of earthquakes for a given energy.

Gutenberg also worked on determining the depth of the core-mantle boundary as well as other properties of the interior of the earth.

In 1952, Gutenberg received the Prix Charles Lagrange from the Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique.[4] Gutenberg remained director of the Seismological Laboratory until 1957. He was succeeded by Frank Press. He died of cancer in California at age 70

Works
  • Gutenberg, B (1960), "Low-Velocity Layers in the Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere.", Science (published Apr 1, 1960), vol. 131, no. 3405, pp. 959–965, Bibcode:1960Sci...131..959G, doi:10.1126/science.131.3405.959, PMID 17756389
  • Buwalda, JP; Gutenberg, B (1935), "Investigation of overthrust faults by seismic methods", Science (published Apr 19, 1935), vol. 81, no. 2103, pp. 384–386, Bibcode:1935Sci....81..384B, doi:10.1126/science.81.2103.384, PMID 17769434

See also

Notes
  1. Biographical Memoirs of the NAS. Vol. 76. 1999. p. 121. doi:10.17226/6477. ISBN 978-0-309-06434-7 – via nap.edu.
  2. Shapiro, Gary (August 26, 2011). "Scientist Who Fled Nazis Helped Create Scale for Measuring Earthquakes". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
  3. "Obituary: Beno Gutenberg, Seismologist, 70". The New York Times. January 28, 1960. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  4. "Beno Gutenberg". agu.org. Archived from the original on 2004-04-20.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.