1984 New York City Subway shooting

On December 22, 1984, Bernhard Goetz[lower-alpha 1] (/ˈɡɛts/[5]) shot four young Black men on a New York City Subway train in Manhattan after they allegedly tried to rob him.[6][7][8][9] All four teenagers survived, though one, Darrell Cabey, was paralyzed and suffered brain damage as a result of his injuries.[10] Goetz fled to Bennington, Vermont, before surrendering to police nine days after the shooting. He was charged with attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment, and several firearms offenses. A jury subsequently found Goetz guilty of one count of carrying an unlicensed firearm and acquitted him of the remaining charges. For the firearm offense, he served eight months of a one-year sentence. In 1996, Cabey obtained a $43 million civil judgment against Goetz, equivalent to $80 million today.[10]

1984 New York City Subway shooting
Part of mass shootings in the United States
LocationNew York City, New York, U.S.
DateDecember 22, 1984 (1984-12-22)
Attack type
Mass shooting[1]
WeaponSmith & Wesson Model 38
Injured4
MotiveDisputed; Goetz claimed self-defense
ConvictedBernhard Hugo Goetz
Verdict
  • Guilty of third-degree criminal possession of a weapon
  • Not guilty on remaining charges
Charges
Sentence1 year in jail (released after 8+1⁄2 months)
LitigationGoetz ordered to pay $43 million ($80 million today) to Cabey in civil trial for reckless and deliberate infliction of emotional distress[2]

Goetz was dubbed the "Subway Vigilante" by the New York press. To his supporters, he came to symbolize frustrations with the high crime rates of the 1980s. But questions of what impact race—and racism—had on Goetz, the public reaction, and the criminal verdict were hotly contested. The incident sparked a nationwide debate on crime in major U.S. cities, the legal limits of self-defense, and the extent to which the citizenry could rely on the police to secure their safety.[8] The incident has been cited as leading to successful National Rifle Association campaigns to loosen restrictions for concealed carrying of firearms.[11]

Incident

In the early afternoon of December 22, 1984, four young men from the Bronx—19-year-olds Barry Allen, Troy Canty, and Darrell Cabey, and 18-year-old James Ramseur—boarded a downtown 2 train (a Broadway–Seventh Avenue express). Canty would later testify that the teenagers were en route to steal from a video arcade machine in Manhattan.[7] 37-year-old Bernhard Goetz boarded the train at the 14th Street station in Manhattan.[12] At the time, about fifteen to twenty other passengers were in a R22 subway car, the seventh car of the ten-car train.[13]: 23 [14]

Troy Canty approached Goetz, asked Goetz how he was,[15] and made some overture for money:[16] According to Canty, he said, "Can I have $5?"[17] According to Goetz, Canty, who Goetz said was joined by another one of the teens, said, "Give me five dollars" in a "normal tone" of voice.[7][18] While those involved and witnesses disagree as to precisely what happened next, Goetz subsequently pulled a handgun and fired four shots at the four youths, wounding all but Cabey.[19] Goetz stated that he then bent down to Cabey, who was cowering on the ground, and said, "You don't look so bad. Here's another," and shot once again.[20] Cabey's spine was severed, resulting in brain damage and partial paralysis.[21][10]

Shortly after the shooting, the train conductor entered the car and loudly exclaimed, "What's going on?" He approached Goetz and asked what happened. Goetz pointed to the north end of the car and then told him, "I don't know ... they tried to rob me and I shot them."[13]: 102  The conductor then went to the passengers to check if they were injured before returning to Goetz and asked if he was a police officer, which Goetz denied, and he then asked Goetz for the gun, which Goetz refused to turn over.[13]: 102 

Shooter

Bernhard Hugo Goetz was born November 7, 1947, in the Kew Gardens, Queens neighborhood to German immigrants.[22][23][24] His father was Lutheran and his mother was Jewish before converting to Lutheranism.[25][26][14]: 10 [27] While growing up, Goetz lived with his parents and three older siblings in Upstate New York, where his father ran a dairy farm and a bookbinding business.[28] Goetz attended boarding school in Switzerland[29] before returning to the United States to obtain a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and nuclear engineering from New York University.[28] Goetz then moved to Orlando, Florida, where his family had relocated, and worked at his father's residential development business. After a divorce, Goetz moved back to New York City, where he started an electronics business out of his Greenwich Village apartment.[28]

According to Goetz, in early 1981, he was the victim of a robbery at the Canal Street subway station.[18][30] Goetz reported that three Black teenagers had smashed him into a plate-glass door and threw him to the ground, injuring his chest and knee.[31][13] Goetz was involved in a struggle with one of the teenagers until police arrived; that individual accused Goetz of assaulting him.[31] To his frustration, Goetz was detained for six hours, while the person he accused was released in two and a half hours.[31] Goetz subsequently applied for a permit to carry a concealed handgun, on the basis of routinely carrying valuable equipment and large sums of cash, but his application was denied for insufficient need.[28] He bought the 5-shot .38-caliber revolver he would ultimately use in the shooting during a trip to Florida.[28]

Goetz was known to use racist language: Myra Friedman, Goetz's neighbor, reported overhearing Goetz having said, "The only way we're going to clean up this street is to get rid of the spics and niggers" at a community meeting 18 months before the shooting.[31][32] Friedman's account was excluded from the criminal jury trial,[33]: 472  but in a subsequent civil action, Goetz admitted to having used both epithets at a neighborhood meeting.[34]

Goetz's flight, surrender, and interrogation

After the shooting, Goetz took a cab back to his 14th Street home and, in a rented car, fled north to Bennington, Vermont, where he burned the blue jacket he had been wearing and scattered pieces of the revolver in the woods.[35] He stayed at various hotels in New England for several days.[35]

On December 26, an anonymous hotline caller told New York City police that Goetz matched the gunman's description, owned a gun, and had been assaulted previously.[36][37] On December 29, Goetz called his neighbor, Myra Friedman, who told him that police had come by his apartment looking for him and had left notes asking to be contacted as soon as possible.[31] Goetz told Friedman he had felt as though he was in a "combat situation", needing to "think more quickly than [his] opposition."[31]

Goetz returned to New York City on December 30, turned in the car, picked up some clothing and business papers at his apartment, rented another car, and drove back to New England.[37] Shortly after noon the next day, he walked into the Concord, New Hampshire, police headquarters and told the officer on duty, "I am the person they are seeking in New York."[37] Once the officer realized that Goetz was a genuine suspect, Goetz was Mirandized and elected to talk to the police.[28] The Concord police made an audio recording of Goetz's interview.[18] New York police detectives Susan Braver, Michael Clark, and Dan Hattendorf subsequently interviewed Goetz, and a two-hour video recording of that interview was made.[18] Both interviews were played at the criminal trial.[38][39]

Goetz told police that he felt that he was being robbed and was at risk of violence, and he explained he had been both mugged once before and nearly mugged several times:[18] "I've been situations where I've shown the gun. ... The threat, when I was surrounded, at at that point, showing the gun would have been enough, but when I saw this one fellow [Canty], when I saw the gleam in his eye ... and the smile on his face ... and they say it's a joke and lot of them say it's a joke."[18][40] Asked what his intentions were when he drew his revolver, Goetz replied, "My intention was to murder them, to hurt them, to make them suffer as much as possible."[41] Goetz also said that, after firing four shots, he moved to Cabey and said, "You seem to be doing all right, here's another," before shooting him again.[18]

Later in the tape, Goetz said, "If I had more bullets, I would have shot them all again and again. My problem was I ran out of bullets."[18] He added, "I was gonna, I was gonna gouge one of the guys' [Canty's] eyes out with my keys afterwards", but said he stopped when he saw the fear in his eyes.[42] He denied any premeditation for the shooting, something that had been speculated on by the press.[13]: 58 

Criminal case

Goetz was brought back to Manhattan on January 3, 1985, and arraigned on four charges of attempted murder, with bail set at $50,000. He was held in protective custody at the Rikers Island prison hospital.[43] Refusing offers of bail assistance from the public and from his family, he posted bail with his own funds and was released on bond January 8.[44]

Indictments
For further information on the second indictment and subsequent appeal, see People v. Goetz.

Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau asked a grand jury to indict Goetz on four counts of attempted murder, four of assault, four of reckless endangerment, and one of criminal possession of a weapon.[45][46][47] On January 25, the grand jury refused to indict Goetz on the more serious charges, voting indictments only for unlawful gun possession—one count of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, for carrying in public the loaded unlicensed gun used in the subway shooting, and two counts of possession in the fourth degree, for keeping two other unlicensed handguns in his home.[45]

In March 1985, Morgenthau announced that the state had obtained new evidence—an unnamed witness—and sought leave to convene a second grand jury; Judge Stephen Crane granted Morgenthau's motion.[48] Morgenthau granted immunity to Troy Canty and James Ramseur, which he had previously declined to do, allowing them to testify before the second grand jury.[16] The second grand jury indicted Goetz on charges of attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment and weapons possession.[49] In January 1986, Judge Crane granted a motion by Goetz to dismiss these new indictments.[50] Judge Crane dismissed the charges on two grounds: First, he held that the prosecutor had erred when instructing the grand jury that, for Goetz's actions to be protected by New York's self-defense statute, they would have to be objectively reasonable.[50] Second, he found that Canty and Ramseur "strongly appeared" to have perjured themselves.[50][51][52][lower-alpha 2]

The prosecution appealed the case, maintaining that a self-defense justification required objective reasonableness and that the statements Judge Crane relied on did not indicate perjury or require dismissal.[50] In July 1986, after an appellate division upheld Judge Crane's dismissal, the New York Court of Appeals reversed the appellate division and reinstated the charges. The high court clarified that a defendant's subjective perception of imminent danger does not, by itself, justify the use of force; instead, it held, that belief must be both subjectively held and objectively reasonable.[53]: 304 [40] Additionally, the court held that Judge Crane's perjury finding was "speculat[ive]" and "particularly inappropriate": "[A]ll that has come to light is hearsay evidence that conflicts with part of Canty's testimony. There is no statute or controlling case law requiring dismissal of an indictment merely because, months later, the prosecutor becomes aware of some information which may lead to the defendant's acquittal."[40]

Trial

In December 1986, jury selection began and in April 1987, the trial commenced before a Manhattan jury of 10 Whites and 2 Blacks, 6 of whom had been victims of street crime.[54][55] Goetz was represented by Barry Slotnick and Mark M. Baker. Goetz conceded that he had shot the four teenagers, but he asserted that his actions were justified by section 35.15(2) of New York's justification statute, which, with non-relevant exceptions, permitted the use of deadly force when actor "reasonably believes that such other person is using or about to use deadly physical force ... or ... is committing or attempting to commit a kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible sodomy or robbery".[40]

The key question for the jurors was how to separate the vague perception of intimidation from the more specific threat of robbery, or from the "threat of deadly physical force," which Justice Crane told the jurors were the two grounds that would justify Mr. Goetz's use of his weapon.

— Kirk Johnson, The New York Times[49]

Both prosecution and defense agreed that the jury would be required to consider several factual questions, including (1) whether the teenagers had acted as a group or as individuals, (2) whether Goetz had shot Cabey after the immediate threat was over, and (3) whether Goetz was threatened.[56]

As to whether Goetz had been threatened, Canty testified that he was merely panhandling when he asked Goetz for $5.[17][57] Ramseur testified that Canty approached Goetz alone and that he, Allen, and Cabey remained seated,[58][59] but Ramseur's testimony was stricken after he professed his belief that Goetz would be acquitted regardless of the evidence and eventually refused to answer Slotnick's questions.[35][60] Neither Goetz nor Cabey testified, and Allen took the Fifth Amendment.[13] Amanda Gilbert, a witness, testified that Cabey, after being shot, told her, "I didn't do anything. He shot me for nothing," but her testimony was stricken as hearsay.[35] The defense called police officer Peter Smith, who testified that, after he arrived on the scene, Canty had told him that the group was planning to rob Goetz.[35] On cross examination, the prosecution pointed out that Smith had failed to report the statement to his superiors or to a reporter when giving a television interview.[60][35]

Another point of contention at trial was whether Goetz had shot at least some of the men in the back.[61] For the defense, Dominick DiMaio, Suffolk County's former medical examiner, testified that Allen, Canty, Cabey, and Ramseur had been standing in a semi-circle around Goetz when he opened fire.[61] But the county's then-current medical examiner, Charles Hirsch, offered rebuttal testimony that it was medically impossible to determine how the victims were positioned when shot, and he also found that the bullets that hit Allen and Cabey had traveled from back to front, suggesting that both had been shot in the back.[61] Ballistics expert Joseph Quirk, for the defense, testified that Allen had been shot while ducking rather than while running away.[35] On cross examination, Quirk conceded that the prosecution's theory was also consistent with the evidence, and, after being shown a photograph of a bullet-entry wound in Allen's back, Quirk admitted that he had based his theory as to Allen on incorrect information provided to him by the defense.[35]

Specifically related to Goetz's shooting of Cabey, the parties contested whether Cabey had been struck by the fourth or fifth shot and whether, if the fifth, Goetz had paused before firing.[14]: 69, 126  According to the prosecution, Goetz shot the seated Cabey at point-blank range with his fifth bullet; the defense argued that Goetz had fired all five shots in short order and Cabey had been hit by the fourth shot before collapsing.[13]: 208  One witness testified that, consistent with Goetz's since-recanted police statement, Goetz opened fire before approaching to within "two to three feet" of a seated Cabey; the witness demonstrated how Goetz stood directly in front of Cabey and fired downward shooting Cabey in the stomach.[13]: 138 [14]: 123–125  But the eight other witnesses who testified on the matter reported that all shots came in "rapid succession"[14]: 171 [62]—one said the firing lasted "about a second",[13]: 102  and none of those eight testified that they had observed Goetz standing in front of Cabey.[13]: 235 

Verdict and post-verdict appeal

Goetz was acquitted of the attempted-murder and first-degree-assault charges and convicted of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree for carrying a loaded, unlicensed weapon in a public place.[49][lower-alpha 3] Goetz was originally sentenced to 6 months in jail, 1 year's psychiatric treatment, five years' probation, 200 hours community service, and a $5,000 fine.[64] But Goetz appealed the conviction and sentence.[65] As to the conviction, Goetz argued that the judge's jury instructions improperly discouraged jury nullification; the appellate division and New York Court of Appeals rejected that argument.[66]: 475 n.158 [67] As to the sentence, Goetz argued that the state's gun laws required, at minimum, a one-year sentence.[65] (Under New York's then-existing law, a defendant sentenced to 6 months would have been required to serve, at minimum, 90 days, while a defendant sentenced to 1 year would be eligible for release after 60 days.[65]) On this point, the appellate court agreed, overturning the sentence.[68] On remand, Judge Crane sentenced Goetz to 1-year incarceration and a $5,000 fine.[65] Goetz ultimately served 8 months,[69] receiving credit for good behavior.[70]

Cabey v. Goetz

A month after the shootings, Cabey, represented by William Kunstler and Ron Kuby, filed a civil suit against Goetz.[71] The civil case was tried in 1996.[72] Unlike Goetz's criminal jury, which was predominantly White and from Manhattan, the civil jury was half African American and entirely from the Bronx.[8]: 91 [73] Additionally, crime in New York City had fallen substantially since the criminal trial.[8]: 91 [74]

While race had only been subliminally addressed in the criminal trial,[73] Cabey's civil-trial attorneys explicitly argued that Goetz had been motivated by race.[74] Goetz admitted to previous use of racial language and to smoking PCP-laced marijuana during the 1980s.[34][75][76] For the defense, Jimmy Breslin testified that, in a 1985 hospital-bed interview, Cabey, while denying his own involvement, said that Allen, Canty, and Ramseur intended to rob Goetz because he looked like "easy bait," but Cabey's attorneys pointed out that Cabey had suffered brain damage prior to the interview and that Breslin's column described Cabey as "confused."[77]

The jury found that Goetz had acted recklessly and had deliberately inflicted emotional distress on Cabey. Jurors awarded Cabey $43 million–$18 million for pain and suffering and $25 million in punitive damages.[78] Goetz subsequently filed for bankruptcy, saying that legal expenses had left him almost penniless. A United States bankruptcy court judge ruled that the $43 million judgment was nondischargeable.[79]

Because Goetz was only "sporadically employed as an electrical engineering consultant," the expectation was that 10% of Goetz's income for the next 20 years would be garnished.[80]: 902 n.159  Stephen Somerstein, one of Cabey's attorneys, expressed some optimism that a portion of any book deal Goetz signed could contribute to the judgment.[81] In 2000, Kuby, another Cabey attorney, told reporters that he had hired a firm specializing in debt collection to pursue Goetz, but he noted that Goetz "appear[ed] to be living in voluntary squalor."[82] Asked in 2004 whether he was making payments on the judgment, Goetz responded "I don't think I've paid a penny on that", and referred any questions on the subject to his attorney.[83]

Goetz's defamation claims

In 1990, Goetz filed a defamation action against Cabey; his mother, Sherry; and his attorneys, Kunstler and Kuby.[84] The suit was dismissed.[85]

In 1994, Goetz filed another defamation action related to My Life as a Radical Lawyer, a book by Kunstler, published by Carol Communications, Inc.[86][87] Amongst other claims, Goetz objected to the book's description of him as a "paranoid" "murderous vigilante" who had "developed a hatred for blacks."[88][87] Goetz specifically objected that the book's description of him as a racist hurt his "good name, reputation, feelings, and public standing."[87] The court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants, finding that the statements complained of were, varyingly, protected opinion (rather than actionable fact statements), not defamatory, or substantially true.[86][88][89]

Public reaction

The shootings initially drew considerable support from the public.[90][91] A Daily News-WABC-TV poll released in January 1985 showed 49 percent of the 515 New Yorkers questioned approved of Goetz's actions, while only 31 percent disapproved.[92] A special hotline set up by police to seek information was swamped by calls supporting the shooter and calling him a hero.[93][94] In March, Morgenthau reported that the letters his office received were running 3 to 1 in Goetz's favor.[95] The same month, a Gallup poll interviewing 1,009 adults found that 57% of respondents approved of Goetz's shootings and two-thirds said that Goetz had acted in self defense.[96] But, compared to the January poll, Goetz's support among African Americans had dipped considerably: while only 36% of Black respondents disapproved of his actions in the January poll, 53% reported disapproval in the March poll.[96] Questions of what impact race had on Goetz's thinking, the public's reaction, and the verdict by the (predominately White) criminal jury became hotly debated.[97]: 49 [98] The Los Angeles Times reported that, during the criminal trial, demonstrators outside the courtroom chanted "Bernhard Goetz, you can't hide; we charge you with genocide."[99]

Initial sources differed in reporting the sequence of shots fired, timing of shots, whether Cabey was shot once or twice, and whether any of the men Goetz shot were armed. Some reports, picking up on Goetz's statement to the police, suggested that Cabey had been shot twice,[46] but later reporting revealed that he had been shot only once, in the left side.[100] Additionally, early reports suggested that the teenagers had approached Goetz carrying "sharpened" screwdrivers;[101][102][103] those reports, too, were found to be false: The screwdrivers—Cabey carried two and Ramseur carried one—were not sharpened and, based on the available testimony, were not removed from Cabey's or Ramseur's pockets[101][13]—no witnesses reported seeing screwdrivers, and Goetz repeatedly denied he was threatened with them.[101][13][104] When Canty testified at Goetz's criminal trial, he said they were to be used to break into video arcade change boxes and not as weapons.[7]

Supporters viewed Goetz as a hero for standing up to his attackers and defending himself in an environment where the police were increasingly viewed as ineffective in combating crime.[90] The Guardian Angels, a volunteer patrol group of mostly Black and Hispanic teenagers,[105] collected thousands of dollars from subway riders toward a legal defense fund for Goetz.[94] The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a right-leaning civil rights organization, supported Goetz.[106] CORE's director, Roy Innis (who had lost two of his sons to inner-city gun violence and would later be elected to the executive board of the NRA[107][108]), offered to raise defense money, saying that Goetz was "the avenger for all of us".[94] A legal group founded by the NRA—the Firearms Civil Rights Legal Defense Fund—donated $20,000 to Goetz's defense.[76] Harvard Professor of Government James Q. Wilson explained the broad sentiment by saying, "It may simply indicate that there are no more liberals on the crime and law-and-order issue in New York City, because they've all been mugged."[94] Professor Stephen L. Carter bemoaned the public's initial reaction to the shooting, arguing, "The tragedy of the Goetz case is that a public barely aware of the facts was rooting for him to get away with it. The tragedy is that a public eager to identify transgressors in advance decided from the start that Mr. Goetz was a hero and that his [B]lack victims deserved what they got."[109]: 424 

While race was never explicitly mentioned at the criminal trial,[73] Professor George P. Fletcher argued that Goetz's criminal-defense team—which referred to the men Goetz shot as "savages," "predators," and "vultures"[73]—made a "covert appeal to racial bias," which, he argued "came out most dramatically in [a re-enactment] of the shooting."[14]: 206–07  In the courtroom re-enactment, four "fit and muscular" Black members of the Guardian Angels were asked to portray the four teenagers Goetz shot and surround Goetz.[14]: 206–07  Professor Bennett Capers agreed that the use of the four "large [B]lack men" to stand in for the "four [B]lack youths" was, effectively, a "backdoor race-ing."[110]: 887  As to the criminal verdict, Benjamin Hooks, director of the NAACP, called the outcome "inexcusable," adding, "It was proven—according to his own statements—that Goetz did the shooting and went far beyond the realm of self-defense. There was no provocation for what he did." Representative Floyd Flake agreed, saying, "I think that if a [B]lack had shot four [W]hites, the cry for the death penalty would have been almost automatic."[111]

United States Attorney Rudolph Giuliani met with Black political and religious leaders calling for a Federal civil-rights investigation.[112] C. Vernon Mason, an attorney and spokesperson for the group, said, "We have come to the Federal Government as [B]lack people traditionally have done to seek redress when it is clear that state and local authorities have either failed to act or are incapable of acting."[112] After an investigation, Giuliani ultimately determined that Goetz had acted out of fear, which he distinguished from a "racial motivation."[113][114] In a 2007 interview with Stone Phillips of Dateline NBC, Goetz admitted that his fear may have been enhanced due to the fact that the four men he shot were Black.[115]

Subsequent developments

After reaching an all-time peak in 1990, crime in New York City dropped dramatically through the rest of the 1990s.[116] New York City crime rates by 2014 were comparable to those of the early 1960s.[117][118]

Darrell Cabey fell into a coma after the shooting; he suffered irreversible brain damage and was paralyzed from the waist down.[119] In 1985, the Bronx District Attorney determined that Cabey had the mental capacity of an eight-year-old.[119] Goetz accused Cabey of exaggerating his injuries.[119] Goetz questioned Cabey as to his injuries in two depositions and was unable to elicit an answer longer than a single sentence; when asked, Cabey denied having previously heard the name "Bernie Goetz".[119]

Troy Canty entered drug-rehabilitation and vocational-training programs.[120] One of Canty's attorneys, Scott H. Greenfield reported that Canty planned to attend culinary school.[120]

In March 1985, James Ramseur reported to police that two men apparently hired by Goetz kidnapped and attempted to murder him.[121] The following day, after detectives played back to Ramseur the emergency 911 recording reporting the kidnapping, Ramseur admitted it was his voice on the call and to fabricating the report. Ramseur explained it was merely to test police response when a Black person was a crime victim, and was not prosecuted for this hoax. Ramseur was convicted in 1986 of the 1985 rape and robbery of a young pregnant woman.[122] Conditionally released in 2002, Ramseur returned to prison for a parole violation in 2005; he finished his sentence in July 2010.[122] On December 22, 2011, the shooting's 27th anniversary, James Ramseur died at age 45 of a drug overdose in an apparent suicide.[122][123]

In 1989, Barry Allen was charged with robbing a 58-year-old man of $54.[124] In 1991, he was convicted and sentenced to 3.5 to 7 years.[125]

Goetz achieved celebrity status after the shooting.[126][127] In 2001, he unsuccessfully ran for mayor of New York City; amongst other issues, Goetz advocated for a vegetarian menu in New York City schools, jails, and hospitals.[128][129] In 2004, Goetz was interviewed by Nancy Grace on Larry King Live, where he stated his actions were good for New York City and forced the city to address crime.[83] In 2005, Goetz unsuccessfully ran for public advocate.[129] In late 2013, Goetz was arrested for allegedly attempting to sell marijuana to an undercover police officer.[126][129] After Goetz's attorneys moved for a dismissal on speedy-trial grounds, a judge agreed that prosecutors took 14 days too long to prosecute the case, and it was dismissed in September 2014.[130]

In 2023, African-American civil rights leader Al Sharpton and former assistant district attorney Mark Bederow compared the Goetz case to the killing of Jordan Neely.[131][132]

Goetz was referenced in the Family Guy episode "Stewie Kills Lois" by Glenn Quagmire, who used to perform a comedy bit about the shooting during his days as a stand-up comedian, as shown in a cutaway gag.

The shooting helped to inspire the 2019 film Joker. The movie's antiheroic protagonist Arthur Fleck (a.k.a. the Joker) is based in part on Goetz.[133][134] Todd Phillips, who wrote, produced and directed the film, grew up in New York City and remembered the 1984 subway shooting from his youth.[134]

"Subway Vigilante", a 2020 episode of the Netflix series Trial by Media, covered the incident.

Goetz is also mentioned in Billy Joel's song "We Didn't Start the Fire".

The shooting and Slotnick were referenced in the song Rising to the Top by rappers Sean Price and Agallah

In addition, he is mentioned in an episode of 30 Rock (season 2, episode 12), when Jack Donaghy introduces Dennis Duffy, the “bravest New Yorker since Bernie Goetz”.

See also

Notes

Explanatory notes
  1. Sometimes spelled "Bernard Goetz".[3][4]
  2. Although Judge Crane did not specify his bases for the perjury finding, the New York Times reported that it appeared to be based on alleged statements by Canty, Ramseur, and Cabey: According to police officer Peter Smith, who responded to the shooting, Canty told him that the group was planning to rob Goetz, but Goetz shot them first, though Police Commissioner Benjamin Ward said through a spokesman that he did not find Smith's account credible. Ramseur gave an interview to the Cable News Network saying he believed Goetz thought he was going to be robbed. And Cabey, while in the hospital, allegedly told New York Daily News reporter Jimmy Breslin that the other members of the group planned to rob Goetz because he "looked like easy bait" (though Cabey denied involvement himself).[50][51]
  3. The jury found that Goetz lacked the specific intent to commit attempted murder, never technically reaching the justification question ; however, because intent was not seriously challenged at trial, subsequent analyses postulated that the jury had effectively incorporated self-defense into the intent analysis.[63][14]

Citations
  1. Lehrer, Brian (April 13, 2022). "Subway Attack Update". WNYC. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023. As an article on Gothamist reminds us today, mass shootings in New York City subway history are extremely rare.
    The last biggest one before this was almost 40 years ago, the infamous shooting by that writer named Bernhard Goetz in the 1980s.
  2. Beeman, Jon; Lange, Evan. "The Bernhard Goetz Trial: A Chronology".
  3. Gillman, Dorothy (January 7, 1985). "Frontier Judgments". Washington Post.
  4. Kelley, Tina (September 10, 2000). "Still Seeking Payment From Bernard Goetz". New York Times.
  5. Carveth, Rod; Arp, Robert (December 22, 2014). Justified and Philosophy: Shoot First, Think Later. Open Court. ISBN 9780812698886 – via Google Books.
  6. Johnson, Kirk (May 20, 1987). "Youth Shot In Subway Says He Didn't Approach Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016.
  7. Johnson, Kirk (May 2, 1987). "Goetz Shooting Victim Says Youths Weren't Threatening". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.
  8. Brooks, Michael (1998). "Stories and Verdicts: Bernhard Goetz and New York in Crisis". College Literature. 25 (1): 77–93. JSTOR 25112354.
  9. Christenson, Ronald, ed. (1991). Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 162–163. ISBN 0-88738-406-4.
  10. Kelley, Tina (September 10, 2000). "Following up; still seeking payment from Bernard Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017.
  11. Feldman, Richard (December 22, 2014). "Bernie Goetz 'The Subway Gunman' 30 Years Later". The Huffington Post. New York City: Huffington Post. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015.
  12. Hamill, Pete (May 12, 1987). "Bernhard Goetz: Notes From Underground". Village Voice. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  13. Lesly, Mark (1988). Subway Gunman: A Juror's Account of the Bernhard Goetz Trial. British American Publishing. ISBN 0-945167-08-3.
  14. Fletcher, George P. (June 1990). A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-25334-1.
  15. Waxman, Olivia B. (May 4, 2023). "Jordan Neely's Death Reminds Some New Yorkers of the 1984 Bernhard Goetz Case". Time. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  16. Fletcher, George P. (April 23, 1987). "Goetz on Trial". New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  17. "The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Testimony of Troy Canty". Famous Trials. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. [Canty:] "As far as I can remember, I walked up to him and asked him, you know, 'Can I have $5?'."
  18. Wu, Tim (March 2017). "The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Goetz's Videotaped Confession". Criminal Law / Spring 2017. H20. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  19. "People v. Goetz". Justia Law. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
  20. "Goetz to victim: 'You don't look so bad. Here's another'".
  21. Pessin, Esther (February 6, 1986). "A paralyzed, brain-damaged victim of subway gunman Bernhard Goetz..." UPI.
  22. McFadden, Robert D. (January 6, 1985). "Goetz: A Private Man in a Public Debate". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  23. Agus, Carole (December 14, 1986). "Wolf Or Wimp?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012.
  24. Rubin, Lillian B. (August 14, 1988). Quiet Rage: Bernie Goetz in a Time of Madness. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520064461 – via Google Books.
  25. McNamara, Joseph (January 22, 1987). "Book Review: Goetz: Anger of a Loner, Rage in the Mean Streets". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017.
  26. "Crime Frustrated Goetz, Neighbors Say". United Press International. January 7, 1985. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012 – via Los Angeles Times.
  27. "Goetz Gets $140,550 From Father's Estate". Associated Press. March 3, 1988. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017 – via New York Times.
  28. Stengel, Richard; Gauger, Marcia; Kalb, Barry (April 8, 1985). "A Troubled and Troubling Life". Time. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015.
  29. "Bernhard Goetz". Biography.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
  30. Daley, Suzanne (January 1, 1985). "Man Tells Police He Shot Youths In Subway Train". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017.
  31. Friedman, Myra (February 18, 1985). "My Neighbor Bernie Goetz". New York. With Michael Daly.
  32. Crouch, Stanley (March 12, 1985). "Bernie Goetz: The Black Community at Gunpoint". Village Voice. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  33. Lee, Cynthia Kwei Yung (1996). "Race and Self-Defense: Toward a Normative Conception of Reasonableness". Minnesota Law Review. 81: 367–500. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  34. Haberman, Clyde (April 12, 1996). "One Question That Matters In Goetz Case". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  35. Linder, Douglas O. "The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: An Account". Famous Trials. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  36. Daley, Suzanne (January 2, 1985). "IRT Suspect Is Charged As Fugitive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
  37. Daley, Suzanne (January 4, 1985). "Goetz Drove Across New England For Several Days Before Surrender". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
  38. Johnson, Kirk (May 14, 1987). "Jury Watches an Angry Goetz on Tape". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  39. Johnson, Kirk (May 3, 1987). "Everybody Is Edgy As Goetz Trial Opens". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
  40. People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (New York Court of Appeals July 8, 1986).
  41. "... You Have To Think In A Cold-Blooded Way". The New York Times. April 30, 1987. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017.
  42. Hornblower, Margot (May 14, 1987). "Intended to Gouge Eye Of Teen, Goetz Tape Says; 'My Problem Was I Ran Out of Bullets'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  43. Chambers, Marcia (January 4, 1985). "Goetz Held at Rikers I. in $50,000 Bail in Wounding of 4 Teenagers on IRC". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Under tight security, Bernhard Hugo Goetz was returned ...
  44. Chambers, Marcia (January 9, 1985). "Goetz Posts Bail And Is Freed; Youths He Shot Won't Testify". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017.
  45. Chambers, Marcia (January 26, 1985). "Grand Jury Votes To Indict Goetz Only On Gun Possession Charges". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
  46. Chambers, Marcia (February 28, 1985). "Goetz Spoke To One Youth, Then Shot Again, Police Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
  47. Roberts, Sam (March 1, 1985). "Morgenthau Says Goetz Case May Go To 2D Grand Jury". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
  48. "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF YORK against BERNHARD GOETZ". Archived from the original on December 30, 2013.
  49. Johnson, Kirk (June 17, 1987). "Goetz Is Cleared In Subway Attack; Gun Count Upheld; Acquittal Won In Shooting Of 4 Youths – Prison Term Possible On Weapon Charge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.
  50. Meislin, Richard J. (January 18, 1986). "Morgenthau to Appeal Ruling on Goetz". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  51. "The Nation". Los Angeles Times. December 6, 1985. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  52. "Questioning Planned For Youth Goetz Shot". The New York Times. November 27, 1985. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017.
  53. Lee, Cynthia (2005). ""Murder and the Reasonable Man" Revisited: A Response to Victoria Nourse". Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law. 3: 301–06. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  54. "The Goetz Verdict". Editorial. The New York Times. April 24, 1996. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016.
  55. Friedrich, Otto; Franklin, Roger; Samghabad, Raji (June 29, 1987). "Not Guilty". Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010.
  56. Johnson, Kirk (April 26, 1987). "Details Viewed sa Key in Goetz Trial". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  57. Maull, Samuel (May 22, 1987). "Defense Opens In Goetz Case With Story of 1981 Mugging". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  58. "The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Testimony of James Ramseur". Famous Trials. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  59. "Subway Vigilante Bernard Goetz: Self-Defense on Trial". UVA Law: Dengrove Collection Writeup. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  60. Schwartz, Jerry (May 28, 1987). "Ramseur Testimony Stricken". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  61. "Final Goetz Trial Witness Rebuts Defense Claims". UPI. June 9, 1987. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  62. Hornblower, Margot (June 11, 1987). "Subway Gunman's Trial Winding to a Close". Washington Post.
  63. Garvey, Stephen P. (Winter 2008). "Self-Defense and the Mistaken Racist". New Criminal Law Review. 11 (1): 119–171. doi:10.1525/nclr.2008.11.1.119. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.: 121 n.18 
  64. Kurtz, Howard (October 20, 1987). "Goetz Sentenced to 6 Months for Subway Shootings". Washington Post.
  65. Sullivan, Ronald (January 14, 1989). "Goetz Is Given One-Year Term On Gun Charge". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  66. King, Nancy J. (1998). "Silencing Nullification Advocacy Inside the Jury Room and Outside the Courtroom". University of Chicago Law Review. 65 (2): 433–500. doi:10.2307/1600227. hdl:1803/6502. JSTOR 1600227. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  67. People v. Goetz, 73 N.Y.2d 751, 752–53 (New York Court of Appeals November 22, 1988).
  68. "Goetz is Sent to Jail for 1 Year; Court Overturns Original Sentence, Citing N.Y. Gun Law". Deseret News. January 14, 1989. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  69. Freitag, Michael (September 21, 1989). "Goetz Released After Spending 8 Months in Jail". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  70. Goldberg, Barbara (September 20, 1989). "Subway gunman Goetz gets out of jail". UPI.
  71. Coyne, Randall (1995). "Defending the Despised: William Moses Kunstler". American Indian Law Review. 20 (1): 257–279. doi:10.2307/20068791. JSTOR 20068791. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
  72. Fitz-Gibbon, Jorge (April 23, 1996). "Goetz A Jerk, Not A Racist, Jury Told". Daily News.
  73. Ristroph, Alice (August 8, 2022). "Chapter Ten: Affirmative Defenses". Criminal Law: An Integrated Approach. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  74. Gladwell, Malcolm (April 21, 1996). "In a Different New York, a Different Goetz Trial". Washington Post.
  75. Brown, David W. (April 27, 1996). "Sizzle the Bacon". Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  76. Hoffman, Jan (April 16, 1996). "Fund Linked to N.R.A. Gave $20,000 for Goetz's Defense". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2016.
  77. Hoffman, Jan (April 18, 1996). "Goetz Defense Opens, Calls Jimmy Breslin and a Psychiatrist, Then Closes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017.
  78. Nossiter, Adam (April 24, 1996). "Bronx Jury Orders Goetz to Pay Man He Paralyzed $43 Million". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
  79. Holloway, Lynette (August 2, 1996). "Bankrupt, Goetz Still Owes Victim". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016.
  80. Markovitz, Jonathan. ""A Spectacle of Slavery Unwilling to Die": Curbing Reliance on Racial Stereotyping in Self-Defense Cases". University of California Irvine Law Review. 5: 873–934. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  81. "Debt Likely to Pursue Goetz for the Rest of His Life". Associated Press. June 13, 1996. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023 – via Deseret News.
  82. Kelley, Tina (September 10, 2000). "FOLLOWING UP; Still Seeking Payment From Bernard Goetz". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  83. "Interview with 'Subway Vigilante' Bernhard Goetz". Larry King Live. December 17, 2004. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007.
  84. "Goetz Files Libel Suit And Assails Lawyers". New York Times. January 10, 1990. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  85. "Judge Dismisses Goetz Libel Suit Against Lawyer". Orlando Sentinel. July 11, 1990. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  86. "Freedom of Speech and Press: Goetz v. Kunstler". Touro Law Review. 12: 976–81. 1996. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  87. "Subway gunman Goetz sues attorney". UPI. October 4, 1994.
  88. Goetz v. Kunstler, 164 Misc. 2d 557, 559—65 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1995).
  89. Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (2019). "11". Understanding Words that Wound. Taylor & Francis.
  90. Fein, Esther B. (January 7, 1985). "Angry Citizens In Many Cities Supporting Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017.
  91. Maeder, Jay (November 8, 2001). "Quality Of Life The Subway Vigilante, December 1984 – January 1985 Chapter 463". Daily News.
  92. Pessin, Esther (January 6, 1985). "Mayor says subway shooting can produce good". UPI. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
  93. Sanger, David E. (December 30, 1984). "The Little-Known World Of The Vigilante". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017.
  94. Leo, John; White, Jack E. (January 25, 1985). "Low Profile for a Legend". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.(subscription required)
  95. Stengel, Richard; Gauger, Marcia; Stacks, John F. (March 25, 1985). "New Evidence: Reopening the Goetz Case". Time. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007.
  96. "A majority of Americans support subway vigilante Bernhard Goetz..." UPI. March 3, 1985. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
  97. Sanders, Kindaka J. (2022). "The New Dread, Part I: The Judicial Overthrow of the Reasonableness Standard in Police Shooting Cases" (PDF). Criminal Justice Law Review. 21: 21–105. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  98. Bencivenga, Jim (July 14, 1988). "Controversy and justice in the case of Bernard Goetz". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  99. "Bail Slashed for Man Who Shot Four on Subway". Los Angeles Times. February 7, 1985. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012.
  100. "Correction". The New York Times. April 26, 1996. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
  101. Schwartz, Jerry (June 15, 1987). "Goetz Jury Asks To See Jacket, Screwdrivers". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023. After the shootings, there were news reports that the teenagers had approached Goetz with sharpened screwdrivers. But those reports were later found to be untrue. The tools were not sharpened, and the jury heard testimony that the screwdrivers - two of them carried by Cabey, one by Ramseur - were never taken out of their pockets. [And] Goetz, in taped statements, never once mentioned the screwdrivers or any other weapon ....
  102. "The Message About Guns is Very Clear". Editorial. The Morning Call. July 31, 1998. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023. Each of the four thugs had a criminal record, and three were armed with screwdrivers sharpened into daggers.
  103. Crouch, Stanley (April 7, 2003). "The Joy of Goetz". New York. Archived from the original on September 2, 2008.
  104. Murray, Andrew (November 11, 2021). "Kyle Rittenhouse trial 'a sham at best,' subway vigilante Bernie Goetz says: 'Satisfy a mob'". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  105. Butterfield, Fox (June 10, 1988). "46th Street 'Restaurant Row' Starts Guardian Angel Patrol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016.
  106. Hampton, Rick (May 18, 1987). "Goetz jury did not endorse vigilantism". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  107. "'Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby". National Public Radio. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
  108. "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board". NRAwinningteam.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.
  109. Carter, Stephen L. (1988). "When Victims Happen to Be Black" (PDF). Yale Law Journal. 97 (3): 420–47. doi:10.2307/796412. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  110. Capers, Bennett (2018). "Evidence Without Rules". Notre Dame Law Review. 94: 867–907. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  111. Pitt, David E. (June 18, 1987). "Blacks See Goetz Verdict As Blow To Race Relations". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016.
  112. Chambers, Marcia (January 30, 1985). "U.S. Attorney Meets With Blacks Over Request For Inquiry On Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017.
  113. Cates, Ellan (February 25, 1985). "Manhattan U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani Monday ruled out". United Press International.
  114. Lyall, Sarah (June 20, 1987). "N.A.A.C.P. Leader Seeks Federal Case On Goetz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.
  115. Phillips, Stone (July 2, 2007). "Stone Phillips: 15 Years of Dateline". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  116. Langan, Patrick A.; Durose, Matthew R. (December 3–5, 2003). The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City. 2003 International Conference on Crime. Rome, Italy. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009.
  117. Chung, Jen (January 1, 2015). "NYC Murder Rate Drops To New Historic Low In 2014". The Gothamist. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015.
  118. Goodman, J. David; Baker, Al (December 31, 2014). "Murders in New York Drop to a Record Low, but Officers Aren't Celebrating". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017.
  119. McShane, Larry (January 8, 1995). "For One Goetz Victim, Suffering Won't End : South Bronx: Youth was immobilized from the waist down, fell into a coma, suffered irreversible brain damage. Now 29, he has the mental capacity of a third-grader". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  120. Terry, Don (January 14, 1989). "The Teen-Agers Goetz Shot: 4 Years Marked by Struggle". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  121. Raab, Selwyn (March 27, 1985). "A Man Goetz Shot Is Charged With Faking Own Abduction". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  122. Weber, Bruce (December 24, 2011). "James Ramseur, Victim of Bernhard Goetz Subway Shooting, Dies at 45". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
  123. Coscarelli, Joe (December 23, 2011). "'Subway Vigilante' Victim Killed Himself on Anniversary of Shooting". New York. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  124. "Goetz Victim Held in Mugging". New York Times. Associated Press. March 7, 1989. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  125. "3 Other Goetz Victims Move on, Two to Prison". Associated Press. January 8, 1995. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023 – via Los Angeles Times.
  126. Schwirtz, Michael (November 2, 2013). "Bernard Goetz, Man in '84 Subway Shooting, Faces Marijuana Charges". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  127. Beumer, Pia (June 15, 2022). "Bernhard Goetz and the roots of Kyle Rittenhouse's celebrity on the right". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  128. Halpern, Jake (November 10, 2002). "A Jolly Green Giant". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  129. "Bernhard Goetz Arrested After Allegedly Selling Pot To Undercover Cop". CBS News. November 2, 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  130. Paddock, Barry (September 10, 2014). "Bernie Goetz has pot dealing case tossed because prosecutors took too long: judge". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  131. Offenhartz, Jake (May 6, 2023). "Charges in NYC chokehold death may hinge on 'reasonableness'". AP News. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  132. Helmore, Edward (May 4, 2023). "Outrage in New York after the killing of Jordan Neely on a subway train". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  133. Desowitz, Bill (October 7, 2019). "'Joker': How Cesar Romero and Bernhard Goetz Inspired Joaquin Phoenix's Look". Indiewire. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  134. Godfrey, Alex (October 8, 2019). "The 'hero' who'd had enough: how subway vigilante Bernhard Goetz inspired Joker". The Telegraph. London, England: Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2020.

References
  • People Vs. Goetz: The Summations and the Charges to the Jury (ISBN 0-89941-657-8).
  • Sanger, David E. (December 25, 1984). "Callers Support Subway Gunman". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.