Brazil nut

The Brazil nut is native to the Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon River, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco. The fruit is heavy and rigid; when the fruits fall, they pose a serious threat to vehicles and potential for traumatic brain injury of people passing under the tree.[18]

Brazil nut trees produce fruit almost exclusively in pristine forests, as disturbed forests lack the large-bodied bees of the genera Bombus, Centris, Epicharis, Eulaema, and Xylocopa, which are the only ones capable of pollinating the tree's flowers, with different bee genera being the primary pollinators in different areas, and different times of year.[19][20][21] Brazil nuts have been harvested from plantations, but production is low and is currently not economically viable.[2][16][22]

A freshly cut Brazil nut fruit

The fruit takes 14 months to mature after pollination of the flowers. The fruit itself is a large capsule 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter, resembling a coconut endocarp in size and weighing up to 2 kg (4 lb 7 oz). It has a hard, woody shell 8–12 mm (3⁄8–1⁄2 in) thick, which contains eight to 24 wedge-shaped seeds 4–5 cm (1+5⁄8–2 in) long (the "Brazil nuts") packed like the segments of an orange, but not limited to one whorl of segments. Up to three whorls can be stacked onto each other, with the polar ends of the segments of the middle whorl nestling into the upper and lower whorls (see illustration above).

The capsule contains a small hole at one end, which enables large rodents like the agouti to gnaw it open.[23] They then eat some of the seeds inside while burying others for later use; some of these are able to germinate into new Brazil nut trees.[23] Most of the seeds are "planted" by the agoutis in caches during wet season,[23] and the young saplings may have to wait years, in a state of dormancy, for a tree to fall and sunlight to reach it, when it starts growing again. Capuchin monkeys have been reported to open Brazil nuts using a stone as an anvil.

Since most of the production for international trade is harvested in the wild,[27][28] the business arrangement has been advanced as a model for generating income from a tropical forest without destroying it.[27] The nuts are most often gathered by migrant workers known as castañeros (in Spanish) or castanheiros (in Portuguese).[27] Logging is a significant threat to the sustainability of the Brazil nut-harvesting industry.[27][28]

Analysis of tree ages in areas that are harvested shows that moderate and intense gathering takes so many seeds that not enough are left to replace older trees as they die.[28] Sites with light gathering activities had many young trees, while sites with intense gathering practices had nearly none.[29]

In 2003, the European Union imposed strict regulations on the import of Brazilian-harvested Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells are considered to contain unsafe levels of aflatoxins, a potential cause of liver cancer.[30]

Brazil nuts are a particularly rich source of selenium, with just 28 g (1 oz) supplying 544 micrograms of selenium or 10 times the DV of 55 micrograms (see table for USDA source).[31] However, the amount of selenium within batches of nuts may vary considerably.[32]

The high selenium content is used as a biomarker in studies of selenium intake and deficiency.[33][34] Consumption of just one Brazil nut per day over 8 weeks was sufficient to restore selenium blood levels and increase HDL cholesterol in obese women.[34]

Brazil nuts are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxins, produced by fungi, once they fall to the ground.[35] Aflatoxins can cause liver damage, including possible cancer, if consumed.[30] Aflatoxin levels have been found in Brazil nuts during inspections that were far higher than the limits set by the EU.[36] However, mechanical sorting and drying was found to eliminate 98% of aflatoxins; a 2003 EU ban on importation[30] was rescinded after new tolerance levels were set.

The nuts often contain radium, a radioactive element, with a kilogram of nuts containing an activity between 40 and 260 becquerels (1 and 7 nanocuries). This level of radium is small, although it can be about 1,000 times higher than in other common foods. According to Oak Ridge Associated Universities, elevated levels of radium in the soil does not directly cause the concentration of radium, but "the very extensive root system of the tree" can concentrate naturally occurring radioactive material, when present in the soil.[37] Radium can be concentrated in nuts only if it is present in the soil.[38]

Brazil nuts also contain barium, a metal with a chemical behavior quite similar to radium.[39] While barium, if ingested, can have toxic effects, such as weakness, vomiting, or diarrhea,[40] the amount present in Brazil nuts are orders of magnitude too small to have noticeable health effects.

Brazil nut oil

Brazil nut oil contains 48% unsaturated fatty acids composed mainly of oleic and linoleic acids, the phytosterol, beta-sitosterol,[41] and fat-soluble vitamin E.[42]

The following table presents the composition of fatty acids in Brazil nut oil (see USDA source in nutrition table):

The lumber from Brazil nut trees (not to be confused with Brazilwood) is of excellent quality, having diverse uses from flooring to heavy construction.[43] Logging the trees is prohibited by law in all three producing countries (Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru). Illegal extraction of timber and land clearances present continuing threats.[44]

Brazil nut oil is used as a lubricant in clocks,[45] in the manufacturing of paint and cosmetics, such as soap and perfume.[43] Because of its hardness, the Brazil nutshell is often pulverized and used as an abrasive to polish materials, such as metals and ceramics, in the same way as a jeweler's rouge. The charcoal from the nut shells may be used to purify water.[43]