Bessel polynomials

In mathematics, the Bessel polynomials are an orthogonal sequence of polynomials. There are a number of different but closely related definitions. The definition favored by mathematicians is given by the series[1]:101

Another definition, favored by electrical engineers, is sometimes known as the reverse Bessel polynomials[2]:8[3]:15

The coefficients of the second definition are the same as the first but in reverse order. For example, the third-degree Bessel polynomial is

while the third-degree reverse Bessel polynomial is

The reverse Bessel polynomial is used in the design of Bessel electronic filters.

Properties

Definition in terms of Bessel functions

The Bessel polynomial may also be defined using Bessel functions from which the polynomial draws its name.

where Kn(x) is a modified Bessel function of the second kind, yn(x) is the ordinary polynomial, and θn(x) is the reverse polynomial .[2]:7,34 For example:[4]

Definition as a hypergeometric function

The Bessel polynomial may also be defined as a confluent hypergeometric function[5]:8

A similar expression holds true for the generalized Bessel polynomials (see below):[2]:35

The reverse Bessel polynomial may be defined as a generalized Laguerre polynomial:

from which it follows that it may also be defined as a hypergeometric function:

where (2n)n is the Pochhammer symbol (rising factorial).

Generating function

The Bessel polynomials, with index shifted, have the generating function

Differentiating with respect to , cancelling , yields the generating function for the polynomials

Similar generating function exists for the polynomials as well:[1]:106

Upon setting , one has the following representation for the exponential function:[1]:107

Recursion

The Bessel polynomial may also be defined by a recursion formula:

and

Differential equation

The Bessel polynomial obeys the following differential equation:

and

Orthogonality

The Bessel polynomials are orthogonal with respect to the weight integrated over the unit circle of the complex plane.[1]:104 In other words, if ,

Generalization

Explicit Form

A generalization of the Bessel polynomials have been suggested in literature, as following:

the corresponding reverse polynomials are

The explicit coefficients of the polynomials are:[1]:108

Consequently, the polynomials can explicitly be written as follows:

For the weighting function

they are orthogonal, for the relation

holds for m n and c a curve surrounding the 0 point.

They specialize to the Bessel polynomials for α = β = 2, in which situation ρ(x) = exp(2 / x).

Rodrigues formula for Bessel polynomials

The Rodrigues formula for the Bessel polynomials as particular solutions of the above differential equation is :

where a(α, β)
n
are normalization coefficients.

Associated Bessel polynomials

According to this generalization we have the following generalized differential equation for associated Bessel polynomials:

where . The solutions are,

Zeros

If one denotes the zeros of as , and that of the by , then the following estimates exist:[2]:82

and

for all . Moreover, all these zeros have negative real part.

Sharper results can be said if one resorts to more powerful theorems regarding the estimates of zeros of polynomials (more concretely, the Parabola Theorem of Saff and Varga, or differential equations techniques).[2]:88[6] One result is the following:[7]

Particular values

The Bessel polynomials up to are[8]

No Bessel polynomial can be factored into lower degree polynomials with rational coefficients.[9] The reverse Bessel polynomials are obtained by reversing the coefficients. Equivalently, . This results in the following:

See also

References

  1. Krall, H. L.; Frink, O. (1948). "A New Class of Orthogonal Polynomials: The Bessel Polynomials". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 65 (1): 100–115. doi:10.2307/1990516.
  2. Grosswald, E. (1978). Bessel Polynomials (Lecture Notes in Mathematics). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-09104-4.
  3. Berg, Christian; Vignat, Christophe (2008). "Linearization coefficients of Bessel polynomials and properties of Student-t distributions" (PDF). Constructive Approximation. 27: 15–32. doi:10.1007/s00365-006-0643-6. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
  4. Wolfram Alpha example
  5. Dita, Petre; Grama, Nicolae (May 14, 1997). "On Adomian's Decomposition Method for Solving Differential Equations". arXiv:solv-int/9705008.
  6. Saff, E. B.; Varga, R. S. (1976). "Zero-free parabolic regions for sequences of polynomials". SIAM J. Math. Anal. 7 (3): 344–357. doi:10.1137/0507028.
  7. de Bruin, M. G.; Saff, E. B.; Varga, R. S. (1981). "On the zeros of generalized Bessel polynomials. I". Indag. Math. 84 (1): 1–13.
  8. Filaseta, Michael; Trifinov, Ognian (August 2, 2002). "The Irreducibility of the Bessel Polynomials". Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik. 2002 (550): 125–140. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.6.9538. doi:10.1515/crll.2002.069.
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