Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village)

The site is situated on the spur of a hill about half a kilometer long and 200 meters wide, and lies in the southern extremity of the Lower Galilee mountains, facing the western end of the Jezreel Valley, east of Daliat el-Carmel, south of Kiryat Tivon, and west of Ramat Yishai. It rises 138 metres (453 ft) above sea level at its highest point. It is first mentioned by Josephus as Besara where grain from the King's land was stored.[6]

Sheikh Bureik, Lajjun in the Survey of Palestine in 1942

For many years the ancient site of Beit Shearim remained obscure and nearly slipped into oblivion. Some historical geographers thought that Sheikh Abreiḳ was to be identified with Gaba Hippeum (Geba), the site mentioned by Josephus as being in the confines of Mount Carmel.[7]

Historical geographer Samuel Klein argued in 1913 that Beth-Shearim and Besara were to be recognised as one and the same place, an opinion agreed to earlier by C.R. Conder,[8] but he was unable to pin-point its location. In 1936 Alexander Zaïd discovered what he thought was a "new" catacomb among the already known burial caves in the hill directly below Sheikh Abreiḳ, and brought the necropolis to the attention of archaeologist Benjamin Mazar and his brother-in-law Yitzhak Ben-Zvi; Ben-Zvi proposed that this was the burial grounds of the Jewish Patriarchal family of the 2nd-century CE. On this basis Klein proposed that Sheikh Abreik was the ancient site of Beit Shearim,[9] which was corroborated by the discovery of a broken marble slab, from a mausoleum above Catacomb no. 11, containing a Greek inscription, in which the funerary epigram (written during the deceased person's lifetime) bears the words: "I, Justus, the son of [S]appho, of the family Leontius, have died and have been laid to rest...alas... ...esar......", where "...esar..." was interpreted to have been Besara.[10][11]

Arguably the most definitive pieces of evidence that helped scholars identify Sheikh Bureik with Beit Shearim is the Talmudic reference that the body of Rabbi Judah the Prince, after he had died in Sepphoris, was carried for burial at Beit Shearim,[12] during which funeral procession they made eighteen stops at different stations along the route to eulogize him. Josephus, when speaking about Besara in Vita § 24 (the Jewish-Galilean Aramaic dialect for Beit Shearim), places the village at "60 stadia (more than 11 km.) from Simonias," a distance corresponding with the site at Sheikh Bureik, where is situated the largest Jewish necropolis found in the Land of Israel, and only "20 stadia (3.7 km.) from Geba of the Horsemen," thought by Mazar to be Ḫirbet el-Ḥârithîye.[13][14] This prompted historian Ben-Zvi to suggest that the necropolis at Sheikh Bureik (Shêkh 'Abrêq) and the tombs found there were none other than that of the Patriarchal Dynasty belonging to Judah the Prince.[15]

	]ΚΕΙΜΑΙΛΕΟΝΤΕΙΔΗϹΝΕΚΥϹΑΦ[...]ϹΤΟϹ[ ]ΟϹΠ[...]ΗϹϹΟΦΙΗϹ[...]ΡΕΨΑΜΕΝΟϹ[...]Ν[ ]ΛΕΙΨ.ΦΑΟϹΔΕΙ[...]ΝΕΑϹΑΚΑ[...]ΥϹΑΙΕ[ ]ΑΥΤΟΚΑϹΙΓΝΗΤΟΥϹΕΟΙΜΟΙΕ[...]ΕϹΑΡ[ ]ΚΑΙΓΕΛΘ[...]ΕΙϹΑΔΗΝΙΟΥϹΤΟ[...]ΤΟΘΙΚΕΙΜ[ ]ϹΥΝΠΟΛΛΟΙϹΙΝΕΟΙϹΕΠΙΗΘΕΛΕΜΟΙΡΑΚΡΑΤΑΙΗ[ ]ΘΑΡϹΕΙΙΟΥϹΤΕΟΥΔΕΙϹΑΘΑΝΑΤΟϹ[
Justus the Leontide inscription at Sheikh Abreiq which includes the Greek letters "...ECAP..." (...esar...) interpreted to refer to Besara.[16]

These facts prompted seven seasons of systematic excavations at Sheikh Abreiḳ and its necropolis between the years 1936–1940, and 1956, on behalf of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society, and again in the years 1953–1958 under Nahman Avigad.[17] Additional excavations were conducted at the site in 2006–2007 by archaeologist Yotam Tepper on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority, during which season coins from the Roman and Byzantine periods were retrieved.[18]

Menorah and Sargophagus found at the Beit Shearim necropolis

Façade of burial cave at Beit Shearim necropolis (reconstructed)

The village site retains the stone foundation of what appears to be a large synagogue (35 × 15 m) and other public buildings in the northeastern quarter of the ruins.[19] A hall directly in front of the synagogue entrance was aligned with two rows of columns, each row containing eight pillars. One large structure (40 × 15 m) on the southwestern part of the hill is thought to have been a basilica which, under the Jewish custom of the time, buildings of such size were used primarily for kings holding court, or for baths, or for royal treasuries.[20] It was constructed of large, smooth-bossed ashlars that were coated with thick plaster. The basilica contained two rows of seven square pillars. Archaeologists have also identified a late Roman "stepped pool" in Beit Shearim, and three 3rd to 4th-century ritual baths (mikveh) on the ancient site.[21] Ancient stone-pavements, cisterns, and walls of hewn-stone can still be seen on the site. Byzantine mosaics have also been found at the site.[22] Remains of a gate and an oil press from the Byzantine period were discovered at the northern edge of the summit, but are thought to have been built in an earlier time.[23]

1944 excavations of Sheikh Abreik (Beit Shearim)

Pottery shards discovered at the site indicate that a first settlement there dates back to the Iron Age.[31]

Under Roman rule, it lay within the royal estate of the Herodian dynasty, where Berenice, the sister of Herod Agrippa II stored grain, and marked the border with Ptolemais.[6] The site Beit Shearim is mentioned in the Talmud, along with Yavne, Usha, Shefar'am and Sepphoris, as one of ten migratory journeys taken by the Sanhedrin when it uprooted from Jerusalem.[32] An anecdote about communal life in Beit Shearim has come down in the name of Judah ha-Nasi, who, after mentioning the place, alludes to the practice of its people being observant in the laws of Jewish ritual purity.[33] The Mishnaic sage, Rabbi Johanan ben Nuri (1st–2nd century), made his home in Beit Shearim.[34] During its Jewish settlement in the Second Temple period, the inhabitants of Beit Shearim are believed to have been occupied in husbandry, but when the village land later became a popular burial ground for Diaspora Jews, many of the villagers are thought to have worked in funeral preparations (obsequies) and in stone-masonry.[35]

Benjamin Mazar described the village as a prosperous Jewish town that was eventually destroyed in the first half of the 4th century (ca. 351/2 CE),[6] at the end of the Jewish revolt against Gallus, during which time many towns and villages in Galilee and Judea were assigned to the flames, including Sepphoris.[36][37][25] After some time it was renewed as a Byzantine city.[38] More recent research shows that the Gallus revolt had a much lesser impact on the town.[39] The Galilee earthquake of 363 is said to have damaged Beit Shearim, although its damages thought to have been limited.[39]

During the late Byzantine era, the necropolis fell into disuse, notwithstanding signs of human occupancy during the Byzantine period, all throughout the 6th-century, and into the early Arab period, although dwindling in importance.[36][40]

It later became the village of Sheikh Bureik (Arabic: شيخ ابريق);[41] it was depopulated in the 1920s after the Sursuk family of Lebanon – who had bought the land from the Ottoman government in 1875 – sold the village to the Jewish National Fund.[42]

• Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region
• Ancient synagogues in Israel
• Archaeology of Israel
• Usha (city)
• Vigna Randanini – Jewish catacombs in Rome, 2nd–5th century

• Maisler, B. (1952–1953). "Beth She'arim, Gaba, and Harosheth of the Peoples". Hebrew Union College Annual. Hebrew Union College Press. 24: 75–84. JSTOR 23506482.
• Mazar, Benjamin (1973). Beth She'arim: ha-Ḥevrah la-ḥaḳirat Erets Yiśraʼel ṿe-ʻatiḳoteha, Massada Press on behalf of the Israel Exploration Society and the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem

• The Necropolis of Beit She'arim - A Landmark of Jewish Renewal
• Bet Shearim National Park - Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: IAA, Wikimedia commons