Bhimeshvara Temple, Nilagunda

Decorative lintel and door jamb at entrance to vestibule in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda

Kirtimukha relief sculpture on tiered superstructure over shrine in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda

According to the Archaeological Survey of India, the construction of the temple was under taken in the last quarter of the 11th century during the rule of the Western Chalukyas (also known as Kalyani or Later Chalukyas) over the region.[1] Art historian Adam Hardy dates the temple to the 12th century and classifies the architectural style as "Later Chalukya, non-mainstream", with Hoysala influences. The temple has four sanctums (chatuskuta vimana) with a superstructure (shikhara) surviving only over the main west facing shrine. The building material is soapstone.[2] The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.[1][3]

Of the four sanctums in the temple, the ones in the north, west and south each have a vestibule (called antarala) and a common hall (called sabhamantapa or just mantapa). The common hall opens to a porch entrance (called mukhamantapa) in the east which has a minor fourth shrine attached to it. The entrance to the porch is a lateral one. According to the historian Kamath, Western Chalukya temples usually exhibit vesara style superstructure (called shikhara), and this is confirmed by the Archaeological Survey of India which designates the overall plan as vesara (a fusion of south and north Indian styles). The superstructure as a 3-tiered tower (called tritala).[1][4]

The outer wall of the temple has projections and recesses creating niches. In these niches are miniature decorative towers in relief (called aedicula or turrets), the execution of which evolved during the Later Chalukya rule. The vesara style aedicula are supported by double pilasters while the dravida (south Indian) style aedicula are supported by single pilasters. The art historian Percy Brown calls the Later Chalukyan style of wall decoration "exceptionally well rendered", and according to Kamath, the miniature towers are wrought in a "most artistic refrain".[5] Each tier of the superstructure has a kirtimukha (gargoyle like face). Below each kirtimukha, is a relief of a deity such as the Nataraja or Maheshvara (both forms of the Hindu god Shiva). Worthy of mention is the ornate relief on the lintel and door jamb at the entrance to each sanctum (garbhagriha) which exhibit Saiva dvarapalas ("guardians" to a shrine of the god Shiva) flanked by female umbrella (chauri) bearers. Facing the west sanctum is a small sculpture of Nandi the bull. There are sculptures of various deities from the Hindu pantheon in the niches in the interior wall of the temple, such as Ganesh (elephant headed god of "beginnings" in Hinduism), Mahishasuramardhini (a form of Durga) and the Saptamatrika (the seven Hindu goddesses). The ceiling in the common hall is supported by four polished lathe turned pillars, which according to Kamath is also a characteristic feature of Western Chalukya temples.[4]

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  Sculpture of Shiva and Parvati in the mantapa of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
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  Mantapa with lathe turned pillarssupporting bay ceiling in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
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  Close up of the lintel over shrine entrance in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
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  Profile of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
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  Profile of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda

• Kalleshvara Temple, Bagali

• "Bhimesvara Temple". Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle. ASI Bengaluru Circle. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
• Adam Hardy, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Abhinav, 1995, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7017-312-4.
• "Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka". Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
• Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.