Bilingualism in Hong Kong
Hong Kong is an officially bilingual territory. Under article 9 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, and the Official Languages Ordinance, Both Chinese and English are equally official languages of the territory. However, no particular variety of "Chinese" referred to in laws is specified. While Mandarin written in simplified Chinese characters is used as the standard language in mainland China, Cantonese (Hong Kong Cantonese) in traditional Chinese characters is the de facto standard in Hong Kong.
| Demographics and culture of Hong Kong |
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Chinese as an official language
In 1974 Chinese was declared as another official language of Hong Kong through the Official Languages Ordinance. The ordinance does not specify any particular variety of Chinese although majority of Hong Kong residents have Cantonese, the language of Canton (now called Guangzhou), as their mother tongue and this is considered the de facto official variety used by the government. Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration provided that in addition to Chinese, English may be used for official purposes in the future Hong Kong special administrative region; in March 1987, the Official Languages Ordinance was amended to require all new legislation to be enacted bilingually in both English and Chinese. Article 9 of the Hong Kong Basic Law affirms the official status of both Chinese and English in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's population reached 6.99 million in 2006,[1] of which approximately 95% are of Chinese descent, the majority of which was Yue Chinese, such as Cantonese; and Hakka and Teochew.
Some writers and media of Hong Kong use written Cantonese as publishing. Government of Hong Kong standardizes those written Cantonese characters in Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set.
English as an official language
Hong Kong became a crown colony of the United Kingdom in 1840, and was established as a free port to serve as an entrepôt of the British Empire. The government officials and businessmen from Britain spoke English. The British administration in Hong Kong continued to use English as an official language, but added Chinese as another official language in 1974 through the Official Languages Ordinance. Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration provided that English may be used in addition to Chinese for official purposes in the future Hong Kong special administrative region, and this is affirmed under article 9 of the 1990 Hong Kong Basic Law.
Following the 1997 transfer, English is still widely used in law and business, and it is still taught in kindergartens, primary schools, secondary schools, and universities. The British have also left their language on place names within Hong Kong, particularly on Hong Kong Island, where British rule had the largest impact.
Code-switching in Hong Kong
Code-switching, or the practice of using more than one language in conversation, is very common in Hong Kong. It usually involves a mix of Cantonese and English as a result of the bilingualism in Hong Kong.
Other languages in Hong Kong
Hong Kong is home to a wide range of ethnicities, and substantial portions of Hongkongers are neither native English nor native Cantonese speakers. Japanese is the largest non-official language, with over 25,000 Japanese people in Hong Kong. Vietnamese refugees emigrated to Hong Kong following the Vietnam War starting 1975[3] and intensified following the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979[4][5] and still speak Vietnamese as their first language.
There is a significant number of South Asians in Hong Kong. Signboards written in Hindi or Urdu are common in areas with South Asians, and languages such as Nepali, Sindhi and Punjabi are often heard on the streets of Hong Kong as well.
In addition, the large number of domestic helpers[6] from Indonesia[7][6] and the Philippines[7][6] made Indonesian and Tagalog significant minority languages in Hong Kong.
There are also two newspapers written in Nepali in Hong Kong, The Everest and the Sunrise Weekly Hong Kong. In 2004, the Home Affairs Bureau and Metro Plus AM 1044 jointly launched radio shows Hong Kong-Pak Tonight in Urdu and Harmo Sagarmatha in Nepali.[8]
References
- "Hong Kong Statistics – Population and Vital Events". Census and Statistics Department. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
- Mair, Victor (1 July 2017). "Cantonese: Still the Native Language of Hong Kong". Language Log.
- 逾千越南難民獲發港身份證. Apple Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- "About Us". The UNHCR Sub-Office Hong Kong SAR. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- 寶玲, 王. 越南難民，何來何往？ (PDF). Hkcidata1.org (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- "Topic: Foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong". SCMP. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Foreign domestic workers make up around 3 per cent of the Hong Kong population. In 2013, there were some 320,000 foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong, of which 50 per cent were from the Philippines, 47 per cent from Indonesia, and the rest from Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
- "The Demographics : Ethnic Groups". GovHK. Race Relations Unit, Home Affairs Department, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- "Urdu and Nepali radio programmes to launch". Hong Kong Information Services Department. 19 November 2004. Archived from the original on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
