Biosurfactant

Biosurfactant usually refers to surfactants of microbial origin.[1] Most of the biosurfactants produced by microbes are synthesized extracellularly and many microbes are known to produce biosurfactants in large relative quantities.[2] Some are of commercial interest.[3] As a secondary metabolite of microorganisms, biosurfactants can be processed by the cultivation of biosurfactant producing microorganisms in the stationary phase on many sorts of low-priced substrates like biochar, plant oils, carbohydrates, wastes, etc. High-level production of biosurfactants can be controlled by regulation of environmental factors and growth circumstances. [4]

Classification

Biosurfactants are usually categorized by their molecular structure. Like synthetic surfactants, they are composed of a hydrophilic moiety made up of amino acids, peptides, (poly)saccharides, or sugar alcohols and a hydrophobic moiety consisting of fatty acids. Correspondingly, the significant classes of biosurfactants include glycolipids, lipopeptides and lipoproteins, and polymeric surfactants as well as particulate surfactants.[5]

Examples
Phosphatidylcholine, also known as lecithin, is a pervasive biological surfactant. Shown in red – choline and phosphate group; black – glycerol; green – monounsaturated fatty acid; blue – saturated fatty acid.

Common biosurfactants include:

  • Bile salts are mixtures of micelle-forming compounds that encapsulate food, enabling absorption through the small intestine.[6]
  • Lecithin, which can be obtained either from soybean or from egg yolk, is a common food ingredient.
  • Rhamnolipids, which can be produced by some species of Pseudomonas, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[7]
  • Sophorolipids are produced by various nonpathogenic yeasts.
  • Emulsan produced by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.[3]

Microbial biosurfactants are obtained by including immiscible liquids in the growth medium.[8]

Applications

Potential applications include herbicides and pesticides formulations, detergents, healthcare and cosmetics, pulp and paper, coal, textiles, ceramic processing and food industries, uranium ore-processing, and mechanical dewatering of peat.[8][1][2]

Oil spill remediation

Biosurfactants enhance the emulsification of hydrocarbons, thus they have the potential to solubilise hydrocarbon contaminants and increase their availability for microbial degradation.[9][10] In addition, biosurfactants can modify the cell surface of bacteria that biodegrade hydrocarbons, which can also increase the biodegradability of these pollutants to cells.[11] These compounds can also be used in enhanced oil recovery and may be considered for other potential applications in environmental protection.[12]

References
  1. Mulligan, Catherine N. (2005). "Environmental applications for biosurfactants". Environmental Pollution. 133 (2): 183–198. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.06.009. PMID 15519450.
  2. Ron, Eliora Z.; Rosenberg, Eugene (2001). "Natural roles of biosurfactants. Minireview". Environmental Microbiology. 3 (4): 229–236. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00190.x. PMID 11359508.
  3. Gutnick, D. L.; Bach, H. (2000). "Engineering bacterial biopolymers for the biosorption of heavy metals; new products and novel formulations". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 54 (4): 451–460. doi:10.1007/s002530000438. PMID 11092618. S2CID 23991659.
  4. Zahed MA, Matinvafa MA, Azari A, Mohajeri L (April 2022). "Biosurfactant, a green and effective solution for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment". Discover Water. 2 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s43832-022-00013-x.
  5. Desai JD, Banat IM (1997). "Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 61 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1128/mmbr.61.1.47-64.1997. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 232600. PMID 9106364.
  6. Bhagavan, N.V.; Ha, Chung-Eun (2015). "Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption". Essentials of Medical Biochemistry. pp. 137–164. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416687-5.00011-7. ISBN 9780124166875.
  7. Oliveira, F. J. S.; Vazquez, L.; de Campos, N. P.; de França, F. P., Production of rhamnolipids by a Pseudomonas alcaligenes strain. Process Biochemistry 2009, 44 (4), 383-389
  8. Desai, Jitendra D.; Banat, Ibrahim M. (1997). "Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 61 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1128/mmbr.61.1.47-64.1997. PMC 232600. PMID 9106364.
  9. Rosenberg E, Ron EZ (August 1999). "High- and low-molecular-mass microbial surfactants". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52 (2): 154–162. doi:10.1007/s002530051502. PMID 10499255. S2CID 23857287.
  10. Del'Arco JP, de França FP (2001). "Influence of oil contamination levels on hydrocarbon biodegradation in sandy sediment". Environ. Pollut. 112 (3): 515–519. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00128-7. PMID 11291458.
  11. Kaczorek, Ewa; Pacholak, Amanda; Zdarta, Agata; Smułek, Wojciech (2018-08-26). "The Impact of Biosurfactants on Microbial Cell Properties Leading to Hydrocarbon Bioavailability Increase". Colloids and Interfaces. 2 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/colloids2030035. ISSN 2504-5377.
  12. Shulga A, Karpenko E, Vildanova-Martsishin R, Turovsky A, Soltys M (1999). "Biosurfactant enhanced remediation of oil-contaminated environments". Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 18 (2): 171–176. doi:10.1260/0263617001493369.
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