Bismuth ferrite

In the solid state reaction method[9] bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) and iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) in a 1:1 mole ratio are mixed with a mortar or by ball milling and then fired at elevated temperatures. Preparation of pure stoichiometric BiFeO₃ is challenging due to the volatility of bismuth during firing which leads to the formation of stable secondary Bi₂₅FeO₃₉ (selenite) and Bi₂Fe₄O₉ (mullite) phase. Typically a firing temperature of 800 to 880 Celsius is used for 5 to 60 minutes with rapid subsequent cooling. Excess Bi₂O₃ has also been used a measure to compensate for bismuth volatility and to avoid formation of the Bi₂Fe₄O₉ phase.

Bismuth ferrite melts incongruently, but it can be grown from a bismuth oxide rich flux (e.g. a 4:1:1 mixture of Bi₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and B₂O₃ at approximately 750-800 Celsius).[2] High quality single crystals have been important for studying the ferroelectric, antiferromagnetic and magnetoelectric properties of bismuth ferrite.

Wet chemical synthesis routes based on sol-gel chemistry, modified Pechini routes,[10] hydrothermal[11] synthesis and precipitation have been used to prepare phase pure BiFeO₃. The advantage of the chemical routes is the compositional homogeneity of the precursors and the reduced loss of bismuth due to the much lower temperatures needed. In sol-gel routes, an amorphous precursor is calcined at 300-600 Celsius to remove organic residuals and to promote crystallization of the bismuth ferrite perovskite phase, while the disadvantage is that the resulting powder must be sintered at high temperature to make a dense polycrystal.

Solution combustion reaction is a low-cost method used to synthesize porous BiFeO₃. In this method, a reducing agent (such glycine, citric acid, urea, etc.) and an oxidizing agent (nitrate ions, nitric acid, etc.) are used to generate the reduction-oxidation (RedOx) reaction. The appearance of the flame, and consequently the temperature of the mixture, depends on the oxidizing/reducing agents ratio used.[12] Annealing up to 600 °C is sometimes needed to decompose the bismuth oxo-nitrates generated as intermediates. Since the content of Fe cations in this semiconductor material, Mӧssbauer spectroscopy is a proper technique to detect the presence of a paramagnetic component in the phase.

The electric and magnetic properties of high quality epitaxial thin films of bismuth ferrite reported in 2003[1] revived the scientific interest for bismuth ferrite. Epitaxial thin films have the great advantage that their properties can be tuned by processing[13] or chemical doping,[14] and that they can be integrated in electronic circuitry. Epitaxial strain induced by single crystalline substrates with different lattice parameters than bismuth ferrite can be used to modify the crystal structure to monoclinic or tetragonal symmetry and change the ferroelectric, piezoelectric or magnetic properties.[15] Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a very common route to epitaxial BiFeO₃ films, and SrTiO₃ substrates with SrRuO₃ electrodes are typically used. Sputtering, molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE),[16] metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and chemical solution deposition are other methods to prepare epitaxial bismuth ferrite thin films. Apart from its magnetic and electric properties bismuth ferrite also possesses photovoltaic properties which is known as ferroelectric photovoltaic (FPV) effect.

In the FPV effect, a photocurrent is generated in a ferroelectric material under illumination and its direction is dependent upon the ferroelectric polarization of that material. The FPV effect has a promising potential as an alternative to conventional photovoltaic devices. But the main hindrance is that a very small photocurrent is generated in ferroelectric materials like LiNbO₃,[17] which is due to its large bandgap and low conductivity. In this direction bismuth ferrite has shown a great potential since a large photocurrent effect and above bandgap voltage[18] is observed in this material under illumination. Most of the works using bismuth ferrite as a photovoltaic material has been reported on its thin film form but in a few reports researchers have formed a bilayer structure with other materials like polymers, graphene and other semiconductors. In a report p-i-n heterojunction has been formed with bismuth ferrite nanoparticles along with two oxide based carrier transporting layers.[19] In spite of such efforts the power conversion efficiency obtained from bismuth ferrite is still very low.