Vize

Under the ancient name of Bizya or Bizye (Ancient Greek: Βιζύη) Vize served as a capital for the ancient Thracian tribe of the Asti, and was mentioned by several ancient authors.[4][5]

From inscriptions it seems that during the late 1st century BCE Bizye was under local rule of the Sapians rather than under direct Roman control.[6]^: 73

The martyrs Memnon and Severos were killed in Bizye as part of the Diocletianic Persecution beginning in 303.[6]^: 289 In 353 CE, the exiled Eustathius of Antioch chose to settle in Bizye, where he later died.[6]^: 289 The city is documented as the seat of an archbishop, as a suffragan of Heraclea, as early as the 5th century.[6]^: 289

Beginning in the 6th century, water was piped from Bizye to Constantinople, and some of the pipes are still visible.[6]^: 289 In 773 or 774, the emperor Constantine V had a bridge built here.[6]^: 289

Bizye is described as a city (polis) in the province of Europe in the Synecdemus of Hierocles, as well as later in the De Thematibus of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.[6]^: 289

The city appears to be identical with the "Uzusa" (Greek: Οὔζουσα) mentioned by the council in Trullo in 692, which was signed by one Geōrgios elachistos episkopos Uzusēs tēs Thrakōn chōras.[6] Since there is no signature for a representative of Bizye in the document, it is assumed that they are the same place.[6]^: 690

Proto-Bulgarian inscriptions indicate that Khan Krum captured and probably destroyed Bizye.[6]^: 289 During the 9th and 10th centuries the town served as the head of a tourmarches.[6]^: 289 In the aftermath of Thomas the Slav's rebellion in 823, his stepson Anastasios attempted to take refuge in Bizye but was handed over by the city's residents to the emperor.[6]^: 289 The folk saint Maria Nea lived in Bizye after her marriage in 896 to Nikephoros, who was tourmarches here.[6]^: 289 After her death in 903, she was venerated as a saint, and her cult became very popular in Bizye and the surrounding regions.[6]^: 289

The Bulgarian emperor Simeon I captured Bizye in c. 925 after a five-year-long siege; the city's walls were destroyed, and most of its population fled to nearby Medea.[6]^: 289 Whether Bizye was later targeted during Peter I's campaign in eastern Thrace in 927 is uncertain.[6]^: 289

In the 12th century, the Arab geographer al-Idrisi described Bizye as a large and well-fortified city in a fertile valley, with thriving commerce and industry.[6]^: 290 When Cuman invaders came and looted eastern Thrace in 1199, a Byzantine army was dispatched from Bizye to repel them.[6]^: 289 They were at first successful, but their initial victory was squandered because the Byzantine troops got greedy.[6]^: 289

After the sack of Constantinople in April 1204, Bizye became part of the new Latin Empire as per the Partitio Imperii Romaniae.[6]^: 290 The city did not submit to the Latins at first, and it wasn't until March 1205 that it was brought to heel, along with the similarly rebellious cities of Arcadiopolis (modern Lüleburgaz) and Tzurulon (modern Çorlu).[6]^: 290 Just one month later, though, the Latin army was defeated by a combined force of Bulgars and Cumans led by Tsar Kaloyan, who then launched a series of invasions throughout eastern Thrace.[6]^: 290 Bizye was one of the few cities in the region that remained unaffected by these incursions.[6]^: 290 Toward the end of 1205, the nobleman Anseau de Cayeux was sent to garrison the city along with 120 knights.[6]^: 290 Later in June 1206, the emperor Henry of Flanders set up camp at Bizye, which was honored as "mult ere bone et forz".[6]^: 290

Sometime after 1225, an Epirote force under Theodore Komnenos Doukas advanced on Bizye, but they were unable to take possession of the city.[6]^: 290 In 1237, the Cumans again invaded Thrace, and many of Bizye's residents were captured and sold as slaves.[6]^: 290 In August 1246, the Latin emperor Baldwin II negotiated a deal with the Order of Saint James which would have ceded Bizye and Medea to the order along with possessions in Constantinople. However the treaty was never put into effect.[6]^: 290 In 1147, Bizye (along with Tzurulon, Medea, and Derkos) came under the control of John III Doukas Vatatzes, who had allied with the Bulgarians.[6]^: 290

Either at the end of 1255 or the beginning of 1256, the emperor Theodore II Laskaris defeated a combined Bulgarian and Cuman force somewhere between Bizye and Bulgarophygon (modern Babeski).[6]^: 290 He then concluded a peace treaty that fixed a new border in the upper Maritsa valley.[6]^: 290

From 1286 to 1355, Bizye was the centre of one of three known military districts called megala allagia (the other two were Thessaloniki and Serres.[6]^: 290 This district covered the entire area stretching roughly from Mesembria in the north to Arcadiopolis in the west and the suburbs of Constantinople in the east.[6]^: 290

In 1304, a large Byzantine army was assembled at Bizye, commanded by emperor Michael IX and Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes in an attempt to stop an incursion under Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria.[6]^: 291 The Byzantines had already been defeated at Skaphidas and at Bizye they were defeated again.[6]^: 291

In 1307, over the protests of the megas tzausios Humbertopoulos, the local population attempted to fight a Catalan force with Turkish auxiliaries under the command of Ferran Ximenes de Arenos.[6]^: 291 They were defeated, and the Catalans looted the city.[6]^: 291 The city was again looted in 1313, this time by a Turkish force led by Ḫalil; the Turks were later defeated in battle at Xerogypsos.[6]^: 291

In the winter of 1322, Syrgiannes Palaiologos captured Bizye along with Raidestos (modern Tekirdağ) and Sergentzion, but almost immediately lost the city to the forces of Andronikos III Palaiologos.[6]^: 291 Andronikos himself stayed in Bizye for several days during the summer of 1324 due to an illness.[6]^: 291 That September, Bizye's annual donation to the Patriarchate of Constantinople was set at 100 hyperpera.[6]^: 291 Andronikos returned to Bizye with an army in 1328, in anticipation of an attack by his former ally Michael Shishman that never came.[6]^: 291 In the summer of 1332, the theologian Matthaios of Ephesos stopped in Bizye en route to Brysis, where he had been appointed to office; he only stayed briefly, but he wrote that there were numerous holy wells or hagiasmata (Turkish: ayazma) in the area, which were consecrated to the Blessed Mother.[6]^: 291 The area around Bizye was described as unsafe due to the presence of robbers[6]^: 291

In 1344, Bizye was captured by John VI Kantakouzenos, who installed his general Manuel Komnenos Raul Asen as governor of the city.[6]^: 291 A few years later, in the late 1340s, a force of 1,200 Turkish horsemen penetrated Byzantine territory as far as Bizye.[6]^: 291 After Matthew Kantakouzenos was forced to abdicate the imperial throne, Bizye remained under his effective control, and he stayed here several times in 1356.[6]^: 291

As part of a synodal act in August 1355, which ratified an alliance between the emperor John V Palaiologos and Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, the metropolitanate of Bizye was given the archdiocese of Derkos as an epidosis for about two years.[6]^: 291 A similar thing happened with the diocese of Stauropolis in July 1361.[6]^: 291

The inhabitants of Bizye were possibly resettled in 1357 or 58, perhaps because of Turkish brigands taking advantage of the fact that the city's garrison had been depleted by the fighting between John V Palaiologos and Matthew Kantakouzenos.[6]^: 291–2

In the autumn of 1358, Manuel Asanes, Matthew's uncle-turned-enemy, asked John V to make him governor of Bizye.[6]^: 292

In 1368, Bizye came under the control of the Gazi Turks along with other areas in the southern Istranca mountains.[6]^: 292[7]^: 59 The metropolitan of Bizye was reassigned to Mesembria and Anchialos to compensate for the loss of Bizye.[6]^: 292[7]^: 59 During the Ottoman civil war, Bizye was ceded by the Ottoman emir Süleyman Çelebi to Manuel II Palaiologos in 1403 and then reconquered by the Ottomans under Musa Çelebi in 1410 or 1411.^: 292[7]^: 59–61 After the elimination of Musa, Sultan Mehmed I restored the town to Manuel II Palaiologos in 1413.[6]^: 292[7]^: 61

Bizye finally came under definitive Turkish control at the beginning of 1453, possibly under Karaca Paşa.[6]^: 292[7]^: 64

The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Vize in 1661, during his sixth journey.[6]^: 292 He described it as the seat of a sanjak-bey, inhabited by a mixture of Turks, Bulgarians, and Greeks, and famous for its leeks.[6]^: 292

According to the Ottoman population statistics of 1914, the kaza of Vize had a total population of 14,109, consisting of 10,020 Muslims and 4,089 Greeks.[8]