Blockade runner

There were numerous blockades and attempts at blockade running during the Peloponnesian War.

• With his fleet blockaded, Leon of Salamis dispatched blockade runners to seek reinforcements from Athens.

During the Punic Wars, the Carthaginian Empire attempted to evade Roman navy blockades of its ports and strongholds. At one point, blockade runners brought in the only food reaching the city of Carthage.[1][2]

During the 14th century, while Queen Margaret I of Denmark's forces were besieging Stockholm, the blockade runners who came to be known as the Victual Brotherhood engaged in war at sea and shipped provisions to keep the city supplied.

Blockade runners in the American Revolution eluded the British naval blockades in order to supply resources to the army. French naval aid was vital.

A Confederate blockade runner at anchor at St. George's, Bermuda

During the American Civil War, blockade running became a major enterprise for the Confederacy due to the Union's Anaconda Plan to cut off the Confederacy's overseas trade. Twelve major ports and approximately 3,500 miles of coastline along the Confederate States were patrolled by some 500 ships that were commissioned by the Union government.

Great Britain played a major role in blockade running. Britons had investments in the south, and were suffering from the Lancashire Cotton Famine. Great Britain also controlled many of the neutral ports in the Caribbean, and in the Bahamas and Bermuda. To protect their interests British investors had engineered steamships that were longer, narrower and considerably faster than most of the conventional steamers guarding the American coastline, thus enabling them to outmaneuver and outrun blockaders. Among the more notable was the CSS Advance that completed more than 20 successful runs through the Union blockade before being captured.[3]

These vessels brought badly needed supplies, especially firearms, and Confederate mail. The blockade played a major role in the Union's victory over the Confederate states, but blockade runners may also have played a major role in prolonging the conflict by two years, possibly killing 400,000 additional Americans.[4][5] By the end of the Civil War the Union Navy had captured more than 1,100 blockade runners and had destroyed or run aground another 355 vessels.[6][7]

Greek blockade runners supplied the Christians during the Cretan revolt (1866–1869). Names of the ships include: Arkadion (named after the Arkadi Monastery, sunk by the Ottoman sloop-of-war Izzedin in August 1867);[8] Hydra; Panhellenion; and Enosis (Unification), which was detained in Syros by Hobart Pasha in December 1868, just about the time the rebellion collapsed.

During World War I the Central Powers, most notably Germany, were blockaded by the Entente Powers. In particular the North Sea blockade made it nearly impossible for surface ships to leave Germany for the then neutral United States and other locations.

The blockade was run with cargo submarines, also called merchant submarines, Deutschland and Bremen, which reached the then neutral United States.[9]

The Marie successfully ran the British North Sea blockade and docked, heavily damaged, in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now called Jakarta) on May 13, 1916.[10]

In 1917 Germany tried unsuccessfully to supply their forces in Africa by sending Zeppelin LZ104.

On the outbreak of war, the Royal Navy imposed a naval blockade of Germany. However, the fall of France provided the German occupying forces with access to the French Atlantic coast, and between 1940 and 1942, many blockade running trips succeeded in delivering cargoes of critical war supplies - especially crude rubber - through the port of Bordeaux; a trade that increased with the entry of Japan into the war in December 1941. Allied attempts to disrupt these operations initially had only a limited effect; as in Operation Frankton. From 1943, however, improved Allied air supremacy over the Bay of Biscay rendered blockade running by surface ships effectively impossible. By some counts, during the war Germans sent 32 (surface) blockade runners to Japan, only 16 of them reaching their destination. Later in the war, most of the trade between Germany and Japan was by cargo submarine.[11]

A number of Italian units, interned in Spain after Italy entered in the war in June 1940, crossed the Bay of Biscay to Bordeaux, and some of them, such as Fidelitas[12] and Eugenio C[13], dashed through the English Channel bound for Germany and Norway.

In an attempt to transfer technology to Imperial Japan, on 25 March 1945 Nazi Germany dispatched a submarine, U-234, to sail to Japan. Germany surrendered before the ship could arrive in Japan. The Japanese submarine I-8 completed a similar mission.

The German ship Ramses was in China when the war started. On Nov. 23, 1942, she attempted to sail from Batavia (now called Jakarta), to Bordeaux with a cargo of rubber. The hope was that maintaining a sharp 24-hour lookout they could evade the Allied blockade.[14] HMAS Adelaide (1918) caught and sank her.

A small number of planes succeeded in flying between the Axis-controlled Europe and the Japanese-controlled parts of Asia. The first known flight was by an Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 Marsupiale, which flew in July 1942, according to various sources, either from Zaporozhye to Baotou or from Rhodes Island to Rangoon.[11] Later, German Junkers Ju 290-A aircraft prepared for (or, according to some sources, completed) similar flights.[11]

During World War II, trade between Sweden (which remained neutral throughout the war) and Britain was severely curtailed by the German blockade of the Skagerrak straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark. In order to import vital materiel from Sweden, such as ball bearings for the British aircraft industry, five Motor Gun Boats, such as the Gay Viking, were converted into blockade runners, using winter darkness and high speed to penetrate the German maritime blockade. Larger Norwegian ships succeeded in escaping through the blockade to Britain in Operation Rubble but later attempts failed.

In modern times, tracking equipment such as radar, sonar, and reconnaissance satellites make evading a total blockade by a world power nearly impossible. Drug smugglers and groups like the Tamil Tigers are able to run blockades due to the partial nature of the blockade, or because the navy imposing the blockade is weak and under-equipped. Reminiscent of earlier German attempts, drug smugglers have used semi-submersibles (narco-submarines) in their smuggling operations.