Boulder, Colorado

Boulder is a home rule city and the county seat of Boulder County, Colorado, United States.[1] It is the largest city in Boulder County, with a population of 108,250 at the 2020 United States census,[6] making it the 12th most populous city in Colorado. Boulder is the principal city of the Boulder, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and an important part of the Front Range Urban Corridor.

For other uses, see Boulder (disambiguation).

Boulder
Home rule city[1]
Pearl Street Mall in downtown Boulder, Colorado
Pearl Street Mall in downtown Boulder, Colorado
Official seal of Boulder
Seal
Location of the City of Boulder in Boulder County, Colorado
Location of the City of Boulder in Boulder County, Colorado
Boulder is located in Colorado
Boulder
Boulder
Location of Boulder in the United States
Boulder is located in the United States
Boulder
Boulder
Boulder (the United States)
Coordinates: 40°00′54″N 105°16′14″W[2]
CountryUnited States
StateColorado
CountyBoulder[1]
Settled1858 as Boulder City, N.T.
Incorporated1871-11-04[3]
Government
 • TypeHome rule municipality[1]
 • MayorAaron Brockett (D)[4]
 • Mayor Pro TemJunie Joseph[5]
Area
[6]
 • Total27.366 sq mi (70.877 km2)
 • Land26.328 sq mi (68.188 km2)
 • Water1.038 sq mi (2.689 km2)
Elevation
[2]
5,318 ft (1,621 m)
Population
 (2020)[6]
 • Total108,250
 • Rank12th in Colorado
289th in United States
 • Density4,112/sq mi (1,588/km2)
 • Metro
330,758 (155th)
 • CSA
3,623,560 (17th)
 • Front Range
5,055,344
DemonymBoulderite
Time zoneUTC–07:00 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC–06:00 (MDT)
ZIP Codes[7]
80301-80310, 80314, 80321-80323, 80328, 80329
Area codes303 and 720
FIPS code08-07850
GNIS feature ID178680[2]
Websitebouldercolorado.gov

Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, at an elevation of 5,430 feet (1,655 m) above sea level.[8][9] The city is 25 miles (40 km) northwest of the Colorado state capital of Denver. Boulder is a college town, being home to the flagship campus of the University of Colorado, the state's largest university.[10]

History
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Boulder, Colorado.

Archaeological evidence shows the Boulder valley has been continuously inhabited by Native American tribes for over 13,000 years, beginning in the late Pleistocene era. Throughout the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Late Prehistoric periods, Indigenous peoples moved seasonally between the mountains and plains, taking shelter in winter along the Front Range trough where Boulder now lies. By the 1500s, the area was occupied by Ute tribes, joined by Arapaho tribes in the early 1800s. [11]

The Indigenous Nations who have ties to the Boulder Valley include the Apache, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, Pawnee, Shoshone, Sioux, and Ute peoples. In the 1800s, Euro-American settlers colonized the area. [12]

Modern Boulder was founded in late 1858 when prospectors led by Thomas Aikins arrived at Boulder Canyon during the Colorado Gold Rush. Arapaho leader Niwot allowed them to stay for the winter, but this decision ultimately cost his people their land. In early 1859, gold was discovered along Boulder Creek, drawing more miners and merchants to the area. The Boulder City Town Company was formed in February 1859 to establish a settlement at the canyon mouth. By 1860 it had 70 cabins, mostly occupied by Anglo families. Non-whites like Chinese miners and black residents were part of early Boulder but rarely pictured. [13]

In 1861 Boulder County was created and the Arapaho were forced to relocate per the Treaty of Fort Wise. With declining numbers, Niwot's band soon moved to the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation. By 1862 the creek had yielded $100,000 in gold and Boulder's population exceeded 300.

On November 7, 1861, the Colorado General Assembly passed legislation to locate the University of Colorado in Boulder.[14] On September 20, 1875, the first cornerstone was laid for the first building (Old Main) on the CU campus. The university officially opened on September 5, 1877.[15]

In 1907, Boulder adopted an anti-saloon ordinance.[16] Statewide prohibition started in Colorado in 1916[17] and ended with the repeal of national prohibition in 1933.

Boulder, 1900

Geography
Boulder's rock formations, the Flatirons

The city of Boulder is located in the Boulder Valley, where the Rocky Mountains meet the Great Plains. The Flatirons, slabs of sedimentary stone tilted up on the foothills, are located west of the city. The Flatirons are a widely recognized symbol of Boulder.[18]

Boulder Creek is the primary flow of water through Boulder. The creek was named prior to the city's founding, for all of the large granite boulders that have cascaded into the creek over the eons. It is from Boulder Creek that Boulder city is believed to have taken its name. Boulder Creek has significant water flow, derived primarily from snow melt and minor springs west of the city. The creek flows into St. Vrain Creek east of Longmont, which is a tributary of the South Platte River.

At the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total area of 17,514 acres (70.877 km2) including 664 acres (2.689 km2) of water.[6]

The 40th parallel (40 degrees north latitude) runs through Boulder and can be easily recognized as Baseline Road today.

Boulder lies in a wide basin beneath Flagstaff Mountain just a few miles east of the continental divide and about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Denver. Arapahoe Glacier provides water for the city, along with Boulder Creek, which flows through the center of the city.[19]

Denver International Airport is located 45 miles (72 km) southeast of Boulder.[20]

Growth management

Government preservation of open space around Boulder began with the Congress of the United States approving the allocation of 1,800 acres (7.3 km2) of mountain backdrop/watershed extending from South Boulder Creek to Sunshine Canyon in 1899.

Since then, Boulder has adopted a policy of controlled urban expansion. In 1959, city voters approved the "Blue Line" city-charter amendment which restricted city water service to altitudes below 5,750 feet (1,750 m), in an effort to protect the mountain backdrop from development. In 1967, city voters approved a dedicated sales tax for the acquisition of open space in an effort to contain urban sprawl. In 1970, Boulder created a "comprehensive plan" that would dictate future zoning, transportation, and urban planning decisions. Hoping to preserve residents' views of the mountains, in 1972, the city enacted an ordinance limiting the height of newly constructed buildings. A Historic-Preservation Code was passed in 1974, and a residential-growth management ordinance (the Danish Plan) in 1976.[21][22]

Effective growth management has resulted in a rapid increase in housing costs with the median home price rising 60% over the period 2010 to 2015 to $648,200.[23]

Wildlife protection

Boulder has created an Urban Wildlife Management Plan which sets policies for managing and protecting urban wildlife.[24] Also, the city's Parks and Recreation and Open Space and Mountain Parks departments have volunteers who monitor parks (including wetlands, lakes, etc.) to protect ecosystems.[25] From time to time, parks and hiking trails are closed to conserve or restore ecosystems.[26] Traditionally, Boulder has avoided the use of chemical pesticides for controlling the insect population. However, with the threat of West Nile virus, the city began an integrative plan to control the mosquito population in 2003 that includes chemical pesticides. Residents can opt-out of the program by contacting the city and asking that their areas not be sprayed.[27]

Under Boulder law, extermination of prairie dogs requires a permit.[28]

Also in 2005, the city experimented with using goats for weed control in environmentally sensitive areas. Goats naturally consume diffuse knapweed and Canada thistle, and although the program was not as effective as it was hoped, goats will still be considered in the future weed control projects. In 2010, goats were used to keep weeds under control at the Boulder Reservoir.[29]

The city's Open Space and Mountain Parks department manages approximately 8,000 acres of protected forest land west of the city in accordance with a 1999 Forest Ecosystem Management Plan. The plan aims to maintain or enhance native plant and animal species, their communities, and the ecological processes that sustain them and to reduce the wildfire risk to forest and human communities.[30]

Climate
Boulder, Colorado
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
0.8
 
 
47
22
 
 
1
 
 
48
22
 
 
2
 
 
57
29
 
 
3.1
 
 
63
35
 
 
3.2
 
 
71
43
 
 
2
 
 
83
51
 
 
1.8
 
 
88
57
 
 
1.7
 
 
86
56
 
 
2.1
 
 
79
48
 
 
1.6
 
 
66
37
 
 
1.2
 
 
55
28
 
 
0.8
 
 
46
21
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Source:NOAA
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
21
 
 
8
−6
 
 
25
 
 
9
−5
 
 
51
 
 
14
−2
 
 
77
 
 
17
1
 
 
82
 
 
22
6
 
 
50
 
 
28
11
 
 
46
 
 
31
14
 
 
43
 
 
30
13
 
 
53
 
 
26
9
 
 
41
 
 
19
3
 
 
30
 
 
13
−2
 
 
21
 
 
8
−6
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Autumn in Boulder
Snowfall is common in Boulder throughout the winter.

Boulder has a temperate climate typical for much of the state and receives many sunny or mostly sunny days each year. Under the Köppen climate classification, the city is considered semi-arid (Köppen BSk) or humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa) as it falls near that precipitation boundary, due to its relatively high yearly precipitation and average temperatures remaining above 32 °F (0 °C) year-round.[31][32][33][34] Winter conditions range from generally mild to the occasional bitterly cold, with highs averaging in the mid to upper 40s °F (7–9 °C). There are 4.6 nights annually during which the temperature reaches 0 °F (−18 °C). Because of orographic lift, the mountains to the west often dry out the air passing over the Front Range, often shielding the city from precipitation in winter, though heavy snowfalls may occur. Snowfall averages 88 inches (220 cm) per season, but snow depth is usually shallow; a strong warming sun due to the high elevation can quickly melt snow cover during the day, and Chinook winds bring rapid warm-ups throughout the winter months. Summers are warm, with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Roughly 30 days reach 90 °F (32 °C) or above each year.[35] Diurnal temperature variation is typically large due to the high elevation and semi-arid climate. Daytime highs are generally cooler than those of most Colorado cities with similar elevations. However, Boulder's nighttime lows are mild, particularly during winter. The average January temperature of 34.5 °F (1.4 °C) is the warmest of any city in the state.[36] The highest recorded temperature of 104 °F (40 °C) occurred most recently on June 25, 2012.[37] The record low was −33 °F (−36 °C) on January 17, 1930. The coldest high temperature, −12 °F (−24 °C), was recorded on February 4, 1989, while the warmest overnight low was recorded on July 20, 1998, with a temperature of 82 °F (28 °C)[38]

Climate data for Boulder, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 73
(23)		 79
(26)		 90
(32)		 88
(31)		 95
(35)		 104
(40)		 104
(40)		 102
(39)		 100
(38)		 90
(32)		 80
(27)		 76
(24)		 104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 65
(18)		 66
(19)		 74
(23)		 80
(27)		 87
(31)		 94
(34)		 98
(37)		 95
(35)		 92
(33)		 83
(28)		 73
(23)		 65
(18)		 99
(37)
Average high °F (°C) 47.0
(8.3)		 48.3
(9.1)		 57.0
(13.9)		 62.8
(17.1)		 71.3
(21.8)		 82.5
(28.1)		 88.0
(31.1)		 86.0
(30.0)		 78.8
(26.0)		 65.9
(18.8)		 54.5
(12.5)		 46.3
(7.9)		 65.7
(18.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 34.3
(1.3)		 35.3
(1.8)		 43.0
(6.1)		 48.7
(9.3)		 57.0
(13.9)		 66.8
(19.3)		 72.5
(22.5)		 70.7
(21.5)		 63.5
(17.5)		 51.6
(10.9)		 41.3
(5.2)		 33.7
(0.9)		 51.5
(10.9)
Average low °F (°C) 21.5
(−5.8)		 22.3
(−5.4)		 29.0
(−1.7)		 34.5
(1.4)		 42.7
(5.9)		 51.1
(10.6)		 57.0
(13.9)		 55.5
(13.1)		 48.1
(8.9)		 37.2
(2.9)		 28.1
(−2.2)		 21.1
(−6.1)		 37.3
(2.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1
(−18)		 1
(−17)		 11
(−12)		 19
(−7)		 30
(−1)		 41
(5)		 50
(10)		 47
(8)		 35
(2)		 20
(−7)		 8
(−13)		 0
(−18)		 −7
(−22)
Record low °F (°C) −33
(−36)		 −28
(−33)		 −13
(−25)		 −3
(−19)		 17
(−8)		 20
(−7)		 40
(4)		 40
(4)		 15
(−9)		 −2
(−19)		 −12
(−24)		 −24
(−31)		 −33
(−36)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.83
(21)		 0.99
(25)		 1.99
(51)		 3.05
(77)		 3.21
(82)		 1.95
(50)		 1.83
(46)		 1.68
(43)		 2.09
(53)		 1.62
(41)		 1.18
(30)		 0.81
(21)		 21.23
(540)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.3
(29)		 15.0
(38)		 15.7
(40)		 14.7
(37)		 2.0
(5.1)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 1.0
(2.5)		 7.0
(18)		 13.1
(33)		 13.0
(33)		 92.8
(235.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.8 6.9 8.1 10.1 12.6 10.1 10.6 10.5 7.9 7.1 5.9 5.4 101.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.6 6.5 6.0 4.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.1 4.8 5.5 36.8
Mean daily daylight hours 9.7 10.7 12.0 13.3 14.4 15.0 14.7 13.7 12.4 11.1 10.0 9.4 12.2
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 9 11 11 10 7 5 3 2 6
Source 1: NOAA [39][35]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (daylight)[40]

    Demographics
    Historical population
    CensusPop.Note%±
    1870343—
    18803,069794.8%
    18903,3308.5%
    19006,15084.7%
    19109,53955.1%
    192011,00615.4%
    193011,2232.0%
    194012,95815.5%
    195019,99954.3%
    196037,71888.6%
    197066,87077.3%
    198076,68514.7%
    199083,3128.6%
    200094,67313.6%
    201097,3852.9%
    2020108,25011.2%
    U.S. Decennial Census

    Boulder is the principal city of the Boulder, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area.

    As of the 2010 census, there were 97,385 people, 41,302 households, and 16,694 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,942.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,522.3/km2). There were 43,479 housing units at an average density of 1,760.3 units per square mile (679.7 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.0% White, 0.9% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 4.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.2% some other race, and 2.6% from two or more races. 8.7% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.[41]

    There were 41,302 households, out of which 19.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.2% were headed by married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 59.6% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16, and the average family size was 2.84.[41]

    Boulder's population is younger than the national average, largely due to the presence of university students. The median age at the 2010 census was 28.7 years compared to the U.S. median of 37.2 years. In Boulder, 13.9% of the residents were younger than the age of 18, 29.1% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and older, there were 106.2 males.[41]

    In 2011 the estimated median household income in Boulder was $57,112, and the median family income was $113,681. Male full-time workers had a median income of $71,993 versus $47,574 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,600. 24.8% of the population and 7.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 17.4% of those under the age of 18 and 6.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[42]

    Economy
    "The Hill" is one of the centers of off-campus life for students at the University of Colorado.

    The Boulder MSA had a gross metropolitan product of $18.3 billion in 2010, the 110th largest metropolitan economy in the United States.[43]

    In 2007, Boulder became the first city in the United States to levy a carbon tax.[44]

    In 2013, Boulder appeared on Forbes magazine's list of Best Places for Business and Careers.[45]

    Top employers

    According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[46] the top employers are:

    # Employer # of Employees
    1 University of Colorado Boulder 9,473
    2 Boulder Valley School District 4,500
    3 Boulder Community Health 2,380
    4 Boulder County 1,959
    5 Ball Corporation (Ball Aerospace & Technologies) 1,600
    6 IBM Corporation (now primarily Kyndryl) 1,400
    7 City of Boulder 1,351
    8 Google 1,350
    9 National Center for Atmospheric Research 1,187
    10 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 867

    Arts and culture

    Bolder Boulder

    Boulder has hosted a 10 km road run, the Bolder Boulder, on Memorial Day, every year since 1979. The race involves over 50,000 runners, joggers, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it one of the largest road races in the world. It has the largest non-marathon prize purse in road racing.[47] The race culminates at Folsom Field with a Memorial Day Tribute. The 2007 race featured over 54,000[48] runners, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it the largest race in the US in which all participants are timed and the fifth largest road race in the world.[49]

    Music

    Founded in 1958, the Boulder Philharmonic Orchestra is a professional orchestra under the leadership of its Music Director Michael Butterman.[50]

    Founded in 1976 by Giora Bernstein, the Colorado Music Festival presents a summer series of concerts in Chautauqua Auditorium.[51]

    Founded in 1981, the Boulder Bach Festival (BBF) is an annual festival celebrating the life, legacy, and music of J.S. Bach. The festival is led by Executive Director Zachary Carrettin and Artistic Director Mina Gajic.[52][53]

    Dance

    Boulder is home to multiple dance companies and establishments. Boulder Ballet was founded by former American Ballet Theatre dancer Larry Boyette in the 1970s as part of the Ballet Arts Studios.[54] Lemon Sponge Cake Contemporary Ballet was founded in 2004 by Robert Sher-Machherndl, former principal dancer of the Dutch National Ballet and Bavarian State Ballet.[55]

    Conference on World Affairs

    The Conference on World Affairs, started in 1948, is an annual one-week conference featuring dozens of discussion panels on a variety of contemporary issues.[56]

    eTown

    The internationally syndicated radio program eTown has its headquarters at eTown Hall, at the intersection of 16th and Spruce Streets, in downtown Boulder. Most tapings of this weekly show are done at eTown Hall.[57][58]

    Polar Bear Plunge

    Beginning in 1983, hundreds of people head to the Boulder Reservoir on New Year's Day to take part in the annual polar bear plunge.[59] With rescue teams standing by, participants use a variety of techniques to plunge themselves into the freezing reservoir.[60] Once the plunge is complete, swimmers retreat to hot tubs on the reservoir beach to revive themselves from the cold.

    Naked Pumpkin Run

    Starting in 1998, dozens of people have taken part in a Halloween run down the city's streets wearing only shoes and a hollowed-out pumpkin on their heads. In 2009, local police threatened participants with charges of indecent exposure and no naked runners were reported in official newscasts, although a few naked runners were observed by locals. Several illegal attempts, resulting in arrests, have been made to restart the run, but no serious effort has been mounted.[61]

    420

    For several years on April 20, thousands of people gathered on the CU Boulder campus to celebrate 420 and smoke marijuana at and before 4:20 pm. The 2010 head count was officially between 8,000 and 15,000 with some discrepancy between the local papers and the university administrators (who have been thought to have been attempting to downplay the event). Eleven citations were given out whereas the year before there were only two.[62] 2011 was the last year of mass 420 partying at CU[63] as the university, in 2012, took a hard stance against 420 activities, closing the campus to visitors for the day, using smelly fish fertilizer to discourage gathering at the Norlin Quad, and having out-of-town law enforcement agencies help secure the campus.[64] In 2013, April 20 fell on a Saturday; the university continued the 420 party ban and, again, closed the campus to visitors.[65] In 2015 the government conceded and once again opened the park to visitors on April 20.[66]

    Boulder Cruiser Ride
    Cyclists gathering on a road during night.
    Bicycle riders joining together on Happy Thursday Cruiser Ride

    The Happy Thursday Cruiser Ride is a weekly bicycle ride in Boulder Colorado.[67] The Boulder Cruiser Ride grew from a group of friends and friends of friends in the early 90's riding bicycles around Boulder into the social cycling event it is today. Some enthusiasts gather wearing costumes and decorating their bikes; themes are an integral part of the cruiser tradition. Boulder Police began following the cruiser ride as it gained in popularity in the early 2000s. Issues with underage drinking, reckless bicycle riding, and other nuisance complaints led organizers to drop the cruiser ride as a public event.[68] Returning to an underground format, where enthusiasts must become part of the social network before gaining access to event sites, the Boulder Cruiser Ride has continued as a local tradition. On May 30, 2013, over 400 riders attended the Thursday-night Cruiser Ride in honor of "Big Boy", an elk that was shot and killed on New Year's Day by an on-duty[69] Boulder Police officer.[70]

    Parks and recreation
    Trailheads for many popular hikes are located at Chautauqua Park.

    Boulder is surrounded by thousands of acres of recreational open space, conservation easements, and nature preserves. Almost 60%, 35,584 acres (144.00 km2), of open space totaling 61,529 acres (249.00 km2) is open to the public.[71]

    The unincorporated community of Eldorado Springs, south of Boulder, is home to rock climbing routes.[72] There are also climbing routes available in the city open space, including climbing routes of varying difficulty on the Flatirons themselves (traditional protection). Boulder Canyon (sport), directly west of downtown Boulder, also has many routes. All three of these areas are affected by seasonal closures for wildlife.[73][74]

    Government

    Boulder is a home rule municipality, being self-governing under Article XX of the Constitution of the State of Colorado; Title 31, Article 1, Section 202 of the Colorado Revised Statutes.[75]

    Politically, Boulder is one of the most liberal and Democratic cities in Colorado when viewed from a Federal and State elections lens. As of July 2019, registered voters in Boulder County were 43.4% Democratic, 14.7% Republican, 1.6% in other parties, and 40.3% unaffiliated.[76] By residents and detractors alike, Boulder is often referred to as the "People's Republic of Boulder".[77]

    In 1974, the Boulder City Council passed Colorado's first ordinance prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation. Boulder voters, however, repealed the measure by referendum within a year. In 1975, Boulder County Clerk Clela Rorex was the second in the United States ever to grant same-sex marriage licenses, prior to state laws being passed to prevent such issuance.[78]

    In July 2019, Boulder declared a "climate emergency" and established target dates[79] for achieving 100% renewable electricity,[80] a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from city organizations and facilities,[81] an increase in local generation of electricity through renewable sources, and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the community[82] The city also created a community-centered process to focus on energy systems, regenerative ecosystems, circular materials economy, land use, and financial systems.[83]

    Education

    Public schools

    The Boulder Valley School District (BVSD) administers the public school system in Boulder, aside from a few areas in northeast Boulder where students attend the St. Vrain Valley School District.

    Charter schools

    Charter schools within the city of Boulder include Preparatory High School (9–12), Summit Middle School (6–8), and Horizons Alternative School (K–8).

    Private schools

    A variety of private high schools, middle schools and elementary schools operate in Boulder.

    Colleges and universities
    Part of the campus of Naropa University

    Science institutes

    Media
    Main article: Media in Boulder, Colorado

    Boulder's main daily newspaper, the Daily Camera, was founded in 1890 as the weekly Boulder Camera, and became a daily newspaper the following year. The Colorado Daily was started in 1892 as a university newspaper for CU Boulder. Following many heated controversies over Colorado Daily's political coverage, it severed its ties to the university in 1971. In summer 1996, the Boulder Planet, a free weekly competing with the Boulder Weekly, published its first issue; it ceased publication in February 2000.[84] Newspaper conglomerate Scripps acquired the Colorado Daily in 2005 after its acquisition of the Camera in 1997, leaving the Boulder Weekly as the only locally owned newspaper in Boulder. Scripps relinquished its 50 percent ownership in both daily papers in early 2009 to Media News Group. Boulder Magazine, a lifestyle magazine, was founded in 1978.[85] Boulder Magazine is published three times per year.

    Boulder is part of the Denver market for television stations, and it also receives many radio stations based in Denver or Ft. Collins. For cable television, Boulder is served by Comcast Cable. The city operates public service Boulder 8 TV on cable (high- and standard-definition), which airs, live-streams and archives council meetings; with its in-house video production facilities, it also produces news, talk and informational programming.[86] Over-the-air television reception is poor in the western part of the city because of interference from mountains.

    Non-commercial community radio station KGNU was founded in 1978[87] and commercial music station KBCO in 1977. KBCO programs an adult album alternative format and is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. KBCO moved its studios from Boulder to the Denver Tech Center in 2010[88] but still maintains the Boulder license and transmits from atop Eldorado Mountain south of Boulder.[89]

    KVCU, also known as Radio 1190, is another non-commercial radio station run with the help of university-student volunteers. KVCU started broadcasting in 1998.[90]

    NPR programming is heard over KCFC 1490 AM, operated by Colorado Public Radio, and simulcasting Denver station KCFR 90.1.

    KRKS-FM 94.7, owned and operated by Salem Media Group and affiliated with SRN News, offers a Christian talk and teaching format, and has its transmitter located on Lee Hill, northwest of Boulder.

    The University of Colorado Press, a non-profit co-op of various western universities, publishes academic books.[91] Paladin Press book/video publishers and Soldier of Fortune magazine both have their headquarters in Boulder.[92][93] Paladin Press was founded in September 1970 by Peder Lund and Robert K. Brown. In 1974, Lund bought out Brown's share of the press, and Brown moved on to found Soldier of Fortune magazine the following year.[94]

    Infrastructure

    Transportation
    A view of the city from northbound US 36 as the highway descends into Boulder

    Since Boulder has operated under residential growth control ordinances since 1976, the growth of employment in the city has far outstripped population growth. Considerable road traffic enters the city each morning and leaves each afternoon, since many employees live in Longmont, Lafayette, Louisville, Broomfield, Westminster, and Denver. Boulder is served by US 36 and a variety of state highways. Parking regulations in Boulder have been explicitly designed to discourage parking by commuters and to encourage the use of mass transit, with mixed results.[95]

    Over the years, Boulder has made significant investments in the multi-modal network. The city is now well known for its grade-separated bicycle and pedestrian paths, which are integrated into a network of bicycle lanes, cycle tracks, and on-street bicycle routes. Boulder also provides a community transit network that connects downtown, the University of Colorado campuses, and local shopping amenities. While the city has no rail transit, local and regional shuttle busses are funded by a variety of sources. Due in part to these investments in pedestrian, bicycle, and transit infrastructure, Boulder has been recognized both nationally and internationally for its transportation system.[96]

    In 2009, the Boulder metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the fourth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who biked to work (5.4 percent).[97] In 2013, the Boulder MSA ranked as the fourth lowest in the United States for percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (71.9 percent). During the same time period, 11.1 percent of Boulder area workers had no commute whatsoever: they worked out of the home.[98]

    Transit

    Boulder has an extensive bus system operated by the Regional Transportation District (RTD). The HOP, SKIP, JUMP, Bound, DASH and Stampede routes run throughout the city and connect to nearby communities with departures every ten minutes during peak hours, Monday-Friday. Other routes, such as the 204, 205, 206, 208 and 209 depart every 15 to 30 minutes. Regional routes, traveling between nearby cities such as Longmont (BOLT, J), Golden (GS), and Denver (Flatiron Flyer,[99] a bus rapid transit route), as well as Denver International Airport (AB), are also available. There are over 100 scheduled daily bus trips on seven routes that run between Boulder and Denver on weekdays.[100]

    Future transit plans

    A 41-mile RTD commuter rail route called the Northwest Rail Line is proposed to run from Denver through Boulder to Longmont, with stops in major communities along the way. The Boulder station is to be north of Pearl Street and east of 30th Street. At one time this commuter rail service was scheduled to commence in 2014, but major delays have ensued. In 2016, an initial six-mile segment opened, reaching from downtown Denver to southern Westminster at West 71st Avenue and Federal Boulevard.[101] The remaining 35 miles of the Northwest Rail Line is planned to be completed by 2044, depending upon funding.[102]

    These future transit plans, as well as the current Flatiron Flyer Bus Rapid Transit route, are part of FasTracks, an RTD transit improvement plan funded by a 0.4% increase in the sales tax throughout the Denver metro area. RTD, the developer of FasTracks, is partnering with the city of Boulder to plan a transit-oriented development near Pearl and 33rd Streets in association with the proposed Boulder commuter rail station. The development is to feature the Boulder Railroad Depot, already relocated to that site, which may be returned to a transit-related use.

    Cycling

    Boulder, well known for its bicycle culture, has hundreds of miles of bicycle-pedestrian paths, lanes, and routes that interconnect to create a renowned network of bikeways usable year-round. Boulder has 74 bike and pedestrian underpasses that facilitate safer and uninterrupted travel throughout much of the city. The city offers a route-finding website that allows users to map personalized bike routes around the city,[103] and is one of five communities to have received a "Platinum Bicycle Friendly Community" rating from the League of American Bicyclists.[104]

    The headquarters of the free and non-obligatory hospitality exchange network for cyclists, Warm Showers, is based in Boulder.[105]

    In May 2011, B-cycle bike-sharing opened in Boulder with 100 red bikes and 12 stations.[106]

    Airport

    Boulder Municipal Airport is located 3 miles (4.8 km) from central Boulder, is owned by the City of Boulder and is used exclusively for general aviation, with most traffic consisting of single-engine airplanes and glider aircraft.[107]

    Notable people
    See also: List of University of Colorado Boulder alumni
    1619 Pine Street was used for the exterior shots of Mindy's house on the TV show Mork & Mindy.

    Woody Allen's film Sleeper (1973) was filmed on location in Boulder.[108] Some houses and the Mesa Laboratory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, designed by I. M. Pei, were used in the film.

    Boulder was a setting for Stephen King's book The Stand (1978), as the gathering point for some of the survivors of the superflu. King lived in Boulder for a little less than a year, beginning in the autumn of 1974, and wrote The Shining (1977) during this period.[109]

    The television sitcom Mork & Mindy (1978–1982) was set in Boulder, with 1619 Pine St. serving as the exterior shot of Mindy's home.[110] The New York Deli, a now closed restaurant in the Pearl Street Mall, was also featured prominently in the series.[111]

    In the American version of the television sitcom The Office, the character Michael Scott leaves the show in season 7 and moves with his fiancée to Boulder.[112]

    "Boulder to Birmingham" is a song written by Emmylou Harris and Bill Danoff which first appeared on Harris's 1975 album Pieces of the Sky. It has served as something of a signature tune for the artist and recounts her feelings of grief in the years following the death of country rock star and mentor Gram Parsons.[113]

    The Comedy Central television show Broad City ends with the protagonist Abby moving to Boulder for an art fellowship.[114]

    Sister cities

    Boulder's sister cities are:[115]

    Landmarks representing Boulder's connection with its various sister cities can be found throughout the city. Boulder's Sister City Plaza – dedicated on May 17, 2007 – is located on the east lawn of Boulder's Municipal Building. The plaza was built to honor all of Boulder's sister city relationships.[116]

    The Dushanbe Tea House is located on 13th Street just south of the Pearl Street Mall. Dushanbe presented its distinctive tea house as a gift to Boulder in 1987. It was completed in Tajikistan in 1990 and then shipped to Boulder, where it was reassembled and opened to the public in 1998.[117]

    A mural representing the relationship between Boulder and Mante, Mexico, was dedicated in August 2001. The mural, which was painted by Mante muralist Florian Lopez, is located on the north-facing wall of the Dairy Center for the Performing Arts.[118]

    See also

    References
    1. "Active Colorado Municipalities". Colorado Department of Local Affairs. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
    2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Boulder, Colorado
    3. "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
    4. "Shay Castle". twitter.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    5. "Boulder Mayor Pro Tem Junie Joseph appointed to National League of Cities committee". April 5, 2021. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
    6. "Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data". United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. August 12, 2021. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
    7. "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
    8. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    9. "Boulder Elevation". www.BoulderColoradoUSA.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
    10. "History of Boulder". City Of Boulder. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
    11. "Boulder, Colorado". Colorado Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
    12. [[1] City of Boulder. "Boulder Land Acknowledgment." Accessed: October 17, 2023. https://bouldercolorado.gov/projects/staff-land-acknowledgment#:~:text=For%20more%20than%2010%2C000%20years,of%20cruelty%2C%20exploitation%20and%20genocide. "Staff Land Acknowledgement"]. City of Boulder. Retrieved October 17, 2023. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
    13. Colorado Encyclopedia https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder#Early-Boulder. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
    14. "University of Colorado History". www.Colorado.edu. Archived from the original on July 17, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
    15. "C.U. History". BoulderGuide. June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
    16. "A Boulder Timeline". Boulder History Museum. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    17. "Brief History of Colorado". Archived from the original on March 7, 2008.
    18. Mary Reilly-McNellan. "History of Boulder Mountain Parks" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
    19. "Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network". Boulder Community Network. August 27, 1999. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
    20. "Contact." Sirna Therapeutics. December 8, 2004. Retrieved March 3, 2012. "2950 Wilderness Place Boulder, CO 80301"
    21. "Historic Preservation Program Background". City of Boulder. Archived from the original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
    22. "DID YOU KNOW?... THE STORY OF BOULDER, COLORADO: ITS STRUGGLES TO RECONCILE GROWTH WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION". Archived from the original on July 26, 2006.
    23. Conor Dougherty (July 3, 2016). "How Anti-Growth Sentiment, Reflected in Zoning Laws, Thwarts Equality". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
    24. "Urban Wildlife". Bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
    25. "Park Volunteer Opportunities". Bouldercolorado.gov. September 25, 2012. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013.
    26. "OSMP closures". Bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
    27. "Mosquito Control Program". Bouldercolorado.gov. July 6, 2012. Archived from the original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
    28. "Prairie Dogs & Wild Birds Wildlife Protection Ordinance". City of Boulder. January 18, 2005. Archived from the original on June 30, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
    29. "Goats keep weeds under control at Boulder Reservoir". Daily Camera. July 28, 2010. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
    30. "Forest Ecosystem Management Plan". Bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
    31. "Denver/Boulder Weather Forecast Office". Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
    32. "Zipcode 80303 – Boulder Colorado is in Hardiness Zones 5b and 6a". PlantMaps. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
    33. "Boulder, Colorado". weatherbase. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
    34. "BOULDER, COLORADO NCDC 1981–2010 Monthly Normals". Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
    35. "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
    36. "Average Temperatures for Colorado in January". Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
    37. "Weather History: Boulder Airport". Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
    38. "Boulder Daily Climatology and Daily Records". Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
    39. "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". NOAA. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
    40. "Monthly weather forecast and climate: Boulder, CO". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
    41. "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Boulder city, Colorado". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
    42. "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates (DP03): Boulder City, Colorado". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
    43. "Gross Metropolitan Product". Greyhill Advisors. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
    44. "Where Carbon is Taxed". Archived from the original on August 20, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
    45. "Best Places For Business and Careers – Forbes". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
    46. "Boulder, Colorado CAFR 2020". bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
    47. "Media Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2004.
    48. Ryan Thorburn (May 30, 2007). "Bosley hopes race No. 30 runs smoother". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007.
    49. "Largest Races". Running USA. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
    50. Hickman, Holly (September 7, 2009). "About Boulder Phil". Boulderphil.org. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
    51. Shulgold, Marc, 20 Years of High Notes, Giora Bernstein Ignores Naysayers to Build the Award-winning Colorado Music Festival, Rocky Mountain News, June 12, 1996 (accessed December 13, 2009, via subscription)
    52. "Boulder Bach Festival". www.coloradogives.org. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
    53. "Boulder Bach Festival Goes Beyond Bach". Early Music America. May 13, 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
    54. "Our Story – Boulder Ballet". Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
    55. "contemporary ballet choreographer". Lemon Sponge Cake Contemporary Ballet. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
    56. Brittany Anas (February 2, 2011). "CU-Boulder's Conference on World Affairs announces 'What Matters' theme". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
    57. "Radio's eTown, a Boulder stage for James Taylor, Emmylou Harris, Buddy Guy, Neko Case even Al Gore". Reverb. Denver Post. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
    58. ANDREW WINEKE (January 23, 2016). "BEHIND 'ETOWN'; Music is entree for radio show's message". The Gazette (Colorado Springs, CO). Archived from the original on February 20, 2016.
    59. Kaye, Nick (December 23, 2005). "Polar Bear Club Swims: New Year Parties (Don't Hold the Ice)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
    60. Tidd, Kelly (February 3, 2014). "Boulder Polar Plunge". Your Boulder. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
    61. "Police squash nude pumpkin run". BBC News. November 1, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
    62. Anas, Brittany (April 20, 2010). "Thousands gather for 4/20 smoke-out on CU-Boulder campus". Colorado Daily. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
    63. Rael, Andre (April 21, 2011). "4/20 Boulder Smoke-Out Attracts 10,000". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
    64. Spellman, Jim (April 20, 2012). "Colorado public pot-smoking event snuffed out". CNN. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
    65. Anas, Brittany; Rubino, Joe; Kuta, Sarah. "CU-Boulder succeeds in snuffing campus 4/20 smoke-out". Denver Post. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.
    66. CU Boulder reopening campus after 3 years of 4/20 closures, archived from the original on April 15, 2016, retrieved July 27, 2016
    67. Haggard, Lucy (August 19, 2021). "Feeling young and youthful and crazy". Boulder Weekly. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
    68. Miller, Vanessa (August 14, 2009). "Cruisers Closing Ride to Public". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
    69. "Sam Carter spared prison in Mapleton elk case, sentenced to 4 years probation". Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
    70. Staff, Camera (May 30, 2013). "Boulder Cruisers Ride for Mapleton Elk". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
    71. "Acres of Open Space". Boulder County. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
    72. "Eldorado Canyon State Park Rock Climbing". Retrieved July 16, 2023.
    73. "Eldorado Canyon State Park Publications". Colorado State Parks. May 27, 2010. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
    74. "Flatirons Climbing Council Wildlife Closures". Flatirons Climbing Council. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
    75. "Colorado Revised Statutes". Justia. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
    76. "Boulder County Voter Registration Data". election.boco.solutions. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
    77. Waylon Lewis (June 1, 2013). "Something's Rotten in the People's Republic of Boulder. Three Things, to be Exact". Elephant Journal. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
    78. Herel, Suzanne (February 14, 2004). "San Francisco not the first to marry couples of the same gender". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
    79. "Climate". bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
    80. "Energy". bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
    81. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions From City Operations and Facilities". bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
    82. "Local Renewable Generation". bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
    83. "Climate Mobilization Action Plan (CMAP)". bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
    84. "Carnegie Library – Boulder Planet, 1996–2000". Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
    85. "Boulder Magazine | Brock Publishing". May 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
    86. "Boulder 8 TV". bouldercolorado.gov. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
    87. "About us". KGNU. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
    88. Walter, Claire (March 18, 2010). "KBCO Abandoning Boulder". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
    89. "KBCO-FM Radio Station Information". Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
    90. "Press". Radio1190.org. November 4, 1998. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
    91. "University Press of Colorado – University Press of Colorado, including Utah State University Press". upcolorado.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
    92. "Paladin Press". Paladin Press. Archived from the original on April 25, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2006.
    93. "Soldier of Fortune". Sofmag.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012.
    94. "Paladin Press Company History". Paladin-press.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
    95. Camera |, Boulder Daily (April 1, 2019). "Heavy commuting into Boulder drives challenges for city". The Denver Post. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
    96. Henao, Alejandro, et al. "Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Investments And Mode Share Changes: A 20-Year Background Of Boulder, Colorado." Transport Policy 37.(2015): 64–71. Academic Search Complete. Web. February 16, 2016.
    97. "Commuting in the United States: 2009" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
    98. McKenzie, Brian (August 2015). "Who Drives to Work? Commuting by Automobile in the United States: 2013" (PDF). American Survey Reports. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
    99. "Flatiron Flyer – Bus Rapid Transit". Transportation District of Denver. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
    100. "Bus Schedules". Regional Transportation District. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
    101. Engelbart, Drew (July 24, 2016). "RTD's B Line and Westminster Station open". FOX31 Denver. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
    102. Whaley, Monte (June 29, 2012). "RTD and other officials vow to finish Denver's Northwest Rail Line". Denver Post. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
    103. "GOBikeBoulder.net". City of Boulder. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. Login as guest required.
    104. "NEW PLATINUM, NEW GOLD BICYCLE FRIENDLY COMMUNITIES". League of American Bicyclists. November 13, 2015. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
    105. "WARMSHOWERS ORG" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2019.
    106. Urie, Heath (May 20, 2013). "Boulder B-cycle launches high-tech bike-sharing program with 100 bikes". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
    107. "AirportIQ 5010". BOULDER MUNI. September 18, 2014. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
    108. "Cut to the chase: Woody Allen at NCAR". UCAR. June 1998. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
    109. "About the author". StephenKing.com. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
    110. "Mork and Mindy FAQ". Sitcomsonline.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
    111. Mork and Mindy: New York Deli. "Mork and Mindy". Colorado.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
    112. Sarah Kuta (April 29, 2011). "'The Office' ex-boss Michael Scott moving to Boulder". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
    113. "Emmylou Harris on her greatest hits: 'I was arrogant enough to think I could survive a flop'". the Guardian. November 22, 2018. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
    114. "Broad City Could Have Ended on One Final Twist". Vanity Fair. March 29, 2019. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
    115. "Get to Know Boulder's 10 Sister Cities". City of Boulder. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
    116. "Sister City Plaza". City of Boulder. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
    117. "Welcome to Boulder-Dushanbe Sister Cities". Boulder-Dushanbe Sister Cities. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
    118. "Mural". Boulder-Mante Sister City Project. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2020.

    Further reading
    See also: Bibliography of the history of Boulder, Colorado
    • Deloria, Philip J. "Drain the Lake! Tear Down the Butte! Build Paradise!: The Environmental Dimensions of Social and Economic Power in Boulder, Colorado, and Benzie, Michigan," Southern California Quarterly (2007): 65–88. in JSTOR
    • Pettem, Silvia. Boulder: Evolution of a City (University Press of Colorado, 1994)
    Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Boulder (Colorado)".
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.