Brentuximab vedotin

Brentuximab vedotin, sold under the brand name Adcetris, is an antibody-drug conjugate medication used to treat relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a type of T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It selectively targets tumor cells expressing the CD30 antigen, a defining marker of Hodgkin lymphoma and ALCL.[3] The drug is being jointly marketed by Millennium Pharmaceuticals outside the US and by Seagen in the US.[4]

Brentuximab vedotin
Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceChimeric (mouse/human)
TargetCD30
Clinical data
Trade namesAdcetris
Other namesSGN-35, previously cAC10-vcMMAE
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa611052
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration		Intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none
UNII
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6476H9930N1690O2030S40 (C68H105N11O15)3–5
Molar mass149.2–151.8 kg/mol
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Medical uses

In the United States, brentuximab vedotin is indicated for the treatment of hodgkin lymphoma, systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and CD30-expressing mycosis fungoides.[1]

In the European Union, brentuximab vedotin is indicated for the treatment of hodgkin lymphoma, systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and cutaneous T cell lymphoma.[2]

Design

Brentuximab vedotin[5] consists of the chimeric monoclonal antibody brentuximab (cAC10, which targets the cell-membrane protein CD30) linked with maleimide attachment groups, cathepsin-cleavable linkers (valine-citrulline), and para-aminobenzylcarbamate spacers to three to five units of the antimitotic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE, reflected by the 'vedotin' in the drug's name).[6] The peptide-based linker bonds the antibody to the cytotoxic compound in a stable manner so the drug is not easily released from the antibody under physiologic conditions to help prevent toxicity to healthy cells and ensure dosage efficiency. The peptide antibody-drug bond facilitates rapid and efficient drug cleavage inside target tumor cell. The antibody cAC10 part of the drug binds to CD30 which often occurs on diseased cells but rarely on normal tissues. The antibody portion of the drug attaches to CD30 on the surface of malignant cells, delivering MMAE which is responsible for the anti-tumour activity.[7][8] Once bound, brentuximab vedotin is internalised by endocytosis and thus selectively taken up by targeted cells. The vesicle containing the drug is fused with lysosomes and lysosomal cysteine proteases, particularly cathepsin B, start to break down valine-citrulline linker and MMAE is no longer bound to the antibody and is released directly into the tumor environment. [9]

Skeletal formula of brentuximab vedotin. Three to five units of MMAE are attached to the monoclonal antibody (MAB) brentuximab via the spacer para-aminobenzylcarbamate (marked green), a cathepsin-cleavable linker (Cit=citrulline, Val=valine, marked blue), and an attachment group consisting of caproic acid and maleimide (marked brown).[8][10]

Serious adverse events

Brentuximab vedotin was studied as monotherapy in 160 patients in two phase II trials. Across both trials, the most common adverse reactions (≥20%), regardless of causality, were chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (a progressive, enduring and often irreversible tingling numbness, intense pain, and hypersensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes involving the arms and legs), neutropenia (an immune system impairment), fatigue, nausea, anemia, upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, fever, rash, thrombocytopenia, cough and vomiting.[1]

Black box warning

In January 2012, the FDA announced that because brentuximab vedotin had been linked with two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, they were requiring the addition of a black box warning to the drug label regarding this potential risk.[11][1]

Society and culture

In August 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to the biologics license application (BLA) submitted by Seattle Genetics for the use of brentuximab vedotin[12] in the treatment of relapsed HL and ALCL.[13]

In October 2012, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) gave it conditional marketing authorization for relapsed or refractory HL and ALCL.[14][2]

In November 2017, the FDA approved brentuximab vedotin as a treatment for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) who have received prior systemic therapy.[15] This approval is for patients with primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL) and CD30-expressing mycosis fungoides (MF).[15]

In March 2018, the FDA approved brentuximab vedotin to treat adults with previously untreated stage III or IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) in combination with chemotherapy.[16][17]

In November 2018, the FDA expanded the approved use of brentuximab vedotin in combination with chemotherapy for adults with certain types of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).[18] This is the first FDA approval for treatment of newly diagnosed PTCL.[18]

In November 2022, the FDA approved brentuximab vedotin in combination with doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide for people aged two years of age and older with previously untreated high risk classical hodgkin lymphoma.[19] This is the first pediatric approval for brentuximab vedotin.[19]

Economics

The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) considered a March 2014 application by the manufacturer for inclusion of brentuximab vedotin under a Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme Section 100 (Efficient Funding of Chemotherapy) arrangement. While this application was accepted, the committee noted that on the basis of inadequate cost-benefit, the medicine would not be made available more generally for the first-line treatment of relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL).[20]

Brand names

Brentuximab vedotin is marketed as Adcetris.[21]

Research

Clinical trials

In a 2010, clinical trial,[22] 34% of patients with refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma achieved complete remission and another 40% had partial remission.[23] Tumor reductions were achieved in 94% of patients. In ALCL, 87% of patients had tumors shrink at least 50% and 97% of patients had some tumor shrinkage.[24]

Reports in 2013, showed interim results[25] from a Phase II, open-label, single-arm study designed to evaluate the antitumor activity of brentuximab vedotin in relapsed or refractory CD30-positive NHL, including B-cell neoplasms. These results demonstrated that single-agent brentuximab vedotin induced a 42% objective response rate and manageable safety profile among advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.[26][27]

A phase III trial funded by Millennium Pharmaceuticals compared ABVD (a combination of the chemotherapy drugs doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) versus A+AVD (a combination of brentuximab vedotin plus AVD, or doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) for treatment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma and found substituting brentuximab vedotin for bleomycin has both improved efficacy and lowered toxicity.[28] A previously completed phase I study demonstrated that a greater number of patients experienced pulmonary toxicity with brentuximab vedotin-ABVD than with ABVD alone. Pulmonary fibrosis is a classical adverse effect of bleomycin; however, the incidence of pulmonary fibrosis in the brentuximab vedotin-ABVD arm was higher than the expected historical rate with ABVD alone.[11] Overall, 24 out of 25 patients treated with brentuximab vedotin and AVD achieved complete remission.[29]

Brentuximab vedotin is also being investigated as a substitute for vincristine (another mitotic inhibitor which prevents tubulin polymerization) in patients with being treated with CHOP (a combination of cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, vincristine, prednisone or prednisolone) for a non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

A phase III clinical trial is currently comparing the two combination therapies (CHOP and CHP-brentuximab vedotin) with estimated completion in December 2017.[30]

The ECHELON-1 phase 3 trial compared brentuximab vedotin with bleomycin both in combination with adriamycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (AVD) chemotherapy as a firstline treatment for advanced classical Hodgkin lymphoma.[31] The outcome of the trial resulted in a positive recommendation by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) as part of a combination treatment in adults with previously untreated CD30+ stage 3 Hodgkin lymphoma.[32]

References
  1. "Adcetris- brentuximab vedotin injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". DailyMed. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  2. "Adcetris EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  3. "Seattle Genetics Submits BLA to FDA for brentuximab vedotin in relapsed or refractory hodgkin lymphoma and systemic ALCL". Fierce Biotech. 28 February 2011.
  4. "Takeda and Millennium Announce Approval of Adcetris (Brentuximab Vedotin) in Switzerland". www.takedaoncology.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  5. ADC Review / Journal of Antibody-drug Conjugates: Brentuximab Vedotin, 18 February 2014
  6. ADC Review / Journal of Antibody-drug Conjugates: Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), 23 May 2013
  7. "Clinical Trials with brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35)". Seattle Genetics. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
  8. Francisco JA, Cerveny CG, Meyer DL, Mixan BJ, Klussman K, Chace DF, et al. (August 2003). "cAC10-vcMMAE, an anti-CD30-monomethyl auristatin E conjugate with potent and selective antitumor activity". Blood. 102 (4): 1458–65. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-01-0039. PMID 12714494.
  9. Vaklavas C, Forero-Torres A (August 2012). "Safety and efficacy of brentuximab vedotin in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma". Therapeutic Advances in Hematology. 3 (4): 209–25. doi:10.1177/2040620712443076. PMC 3627331. PMID 23606932.
  10. A. Klement (13 May 2013). "Sprunginnovation beim Hodgkin-Lymphom: Adcetris". Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German) (10/2013): 68.
  11. "FDA Drug Safety Communication: New Boxed Warning and Contraindication for Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 13 January 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. "Brentuximab Vedotin (marketed as Adcetris) Information". US Food and Drug Administration. 3 November 2018.
  13. "Seattle Genetics' Antibody-Drug Conjugate Receives FDA Okay to Treat Lymphomas". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 22 August 2011.
  14. EMA/European Medicines Agency: EPAR summary for the public for Adcetris/brentuximab vedotin
  15. "FDA Approves Brentuximab Vedotin for CTCL". OncLive. 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  16. "FDA expands approval of Adcetris for first-line treatment of Stage III or IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma in combination with chemotherapy" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. "brentuximab vedotin". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. "FDA approves first-line treatment for peripheral T-cell lymphoma under new review pilot" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 November 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  19. "FDA approves brentuximab vedotin in combination with chemotherapy for pediatric patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 10 November 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  20. PBAC Meetings March 2014 - Brentuximab Vedotin, 50 mg injection, 1 x 50 mg vial Adcetris - March 2014 , March 2014
  21. Onco'Zine - The International Cancer Network: European Medicines Agency Accepts Brentuximab Marketing Authorization Application Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 27 June 2011
  22. Clinical trial number NCT00848926 for "A Pivotal Open-Label Trial of Brentuximab Vedotin for Hodgkin Lymphoma" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  23. Seattle Genetics and Millennium Report Positive Data from Pivotal Trial of Brentuximab Vedotin (SGN-35) in Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma at 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) (Corporate Press Release)
  24. "Is Seattle Genetics the Next Big Thing?". Minyanville Business News. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  25. Maeda T, Wakasawa T, Shima Y, Tsuboi I, Aizawa S, Tamai I (February 2006). "Role of polyamines derived from arginine in differentiation and proliferation of human blood cells". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 29 (2): 234–9. doi:10.1182/blood.V122.21.848.848. PMID 16462024.
  26. Clinical trial number NCT01421667 for "A Study of Brentuximab Vedotin in Relapsed or Refractory Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  27. "Brentuximab Vedotin Shows 42% Objective Response Rate in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma, Study Shows". ADC Review / Journal of Antibody-drug Conjugates. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013.
  28. Connors JM, Jurczak W, Straus DJ, Ansell SM, Kim WS, Gallamini A, et al. (January 2018). "Brentuximab Vedotin with Chemotherapy for Stage III or IV Hodgkin's Lymphoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 378 (4): 331–344. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1708984. PMC 5819601. PMID 29224502.
  29. Younes A, Connors JM, Park SI, Fanale M, O'Meara MM, Hunder NN, Huebner D, Ansell SM (December 2013). "Brentuximab vedotin combined with ABVD or AVD for patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's lymphoma: a phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation study". The Lancet. Oncology. 14 (13): 1348–56. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70501-1. PMID 24239220.
  30. Clinical trial number NCT01777152 for "A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase 3 Study of Brentuximab Vedotin and CHP (A+CHP) Versus CHOP in the Frontline Treatment of Patients With CD30-positive Mature T-cell Lymphomas" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  31. Pagliarulo N (June 2017). "Seattle Genetics' Adcetris succeeds in study but shares slide". Industry Dive.
  32. "Takeda announces CHMP recommendation for Adcetris in Hodgkin lymphoma". PMLive. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
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