Brighamia insignis

Brighamia insignis is a potentially branched plant with a succulent stem that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact rosette of fleshy leaves. The stem is usually 1–2 m (3–7 ft) in height, but can reach 5 m (16 ft).[6] The plant blooms in September through November.[7] It has clusters of fragrant yellow flowers in groups of three to eight in the leaf axils. The scent has been compared to honeysuckle.[7] Petals are fused into a tube 7 to 14 cm (3 to 5+1⁄2 in) long. The fruit is a capsule 13 to 19 mm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) long containing numerous seeds.[8]

It is extremely rare. In 1994 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service reported five populations totaling 45 to 65 individuals, and listed the plant as an endangered species. As of today, the species is possibly extinct in the wild. The last single individual was recorded in the wild in 2014.[1]

Brighamia insignis is found at elevations from sea level to 480 m (1,570 ft) in mesic shrublands and dry forests that receive less than 170 cm (67 in) of annual rainfall. It grows on rocky ledges with little soil and steep sea cliffs.[6] Associated plants include ʻāhinahina (Artemisia spp.) ʻakoko (Euphorbia celastroides), alaheʻe (Psydrax odorata), kāwelu (Eragrostis variabilis), pili (Heteropogon contortus), kokiʻo ʻula (Hibiscus kokio), ʻānaunau (Lepidium serra), nehe (Lipochaeta succulenta), pokulakalaka (Munroidendron racemosum), and ʻilima (Sida fallax).[8]

According to the U.S. Botanic Garden, its only pollinator was a certain type of now-extinct hawk moth. This has made it all but impossible for B. insignis to reproduce on its own.[9] Therefore, individuals only produce seed when artificially pollinated by humans.[10]

Other threats to the species have included exotic plant species, feral goats and pigs, slugs, rats, fire, and infestations of carmine spider mites (Tetranychus cinnabarinus).[11][12] There is also a hiking trail near one of the populations.[11] The plant grows on steep, exposed cliffs and has been damaged by hurricanes and landslides.[12]

Despite its rarity in the wild it is not hard to cultivate in a nursery,[12] and it has come into use as a novel ornamental plant.[13]

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  Flowers of the Brighamia insignis
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  Closeup of a flower
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  An alula plant at Limahuli Garden and Preserve, Kauaʻi.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brighamia insignis.

• "Brighamia insignis". Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.