Bronius Krivickas

Bronius Krivickas was born on 17 November 1919 in the Pervalkai village of the Pasvalys District.[2] Born in a family of peasants, Krivickas had six siblings, three sisters and three brothers. In 1929, the family moved to the Kiauliškės village in the Biržai District as Krivickas' parents sold their farm for a bigger one.[6][7][8]

Krivickas went to the Suostas primary school,[9] and in 1938 he finished the Antanas Smetona gymnasium in Biržai,[7][2][3] in which he read his works in social literary evenings and once even won the prize of 30 litai in an essay contest.[9] The same year Krivickas started to study at the Vytautas Magnus University at the faculty of theology and philosophy, specifically Lithuanian and French language and literature.[9][10][8][6]

In the university he joined the Šatrija art circle, a group of writers with Christian-leaning views, overseen by the writer Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas in whose conventions Krivickas met many Lithuanian writers. Krivickas also was a part of the theatre seminar headed by the writer Balys Sruoga.[2][4][9][3] From 1938 he wrote short novellas which appeared in the newspapers Ateitis and Studentų dienos (which he also edited).[2][7][8] Krivickas was also friends with Mamertas Indriliūnas, a fellow writer and partisan.[11]

When Lithuania received the capital Vilnius after the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty in 1939, Krivickas and his colleagues moved there to study at Vilnius University, participating in various social activities and establishing himself as a theatre critic.[7] In 1943, he completed his studies, however the university was shut down in the same year due to the Nazi occupation.[7] To continue earning money and out of fear of being sent to Germany for work, from 1944 he assisted in editing the newspapers Naujoji Romuva, Darbininkas, Kūryba, XX amžius. On 1 October 1944, he briefly became a teacher at the Biržai gymnasium as Lithuania had a shortage of teachers. However, he started getting called to the NKVD headquarters, and fearing arrest, he subsequently went into hiding.[7][8][12][6]

In February 1945, he joined the partisan movement[4][2][7][3] in the same outskirts in which two of his brothers also were active. In the same year, his brother Juozas was killed and their parents were driven out from their homes with the homestead burned.[13] From 1947 to 1948, Krivickas would stay in bunkers, such as his wife's parents' homestead bunker in Tylinava in the winters, and would hide in the forests in the summers. In 1948, a priest in Suostas quietly wed Krivickas and a school teacher from Smilgiai.[9] Krivickas belonged to the partisan Eastern Lithuanian (King Mindaugas) Area, for which he edited partisan newspapers.[14]The partisans reportedly respected Krivickas. Working as a communicator between them, intensely studying languages, keeping a large amount of books in his bunkers,[9] and also briefly being the second-in-command of another partisan squad led by Petras Tupėnas, Krivickas was known as "the professor". Krivickas used to seclude himself, write poems, and then recite them by the fire in the evening for fellow partisans.[13][8][6]

Under fear of his wife being persecuted, Krivickas moved to the partisans in Biržai.[7] This period was the most creatively productive for him, as he notably translated 80 of Goethe's poems[2][9] and wrote numerous sonnets. As the number of partisans increasingly lowered, from 1951 Bronius found himself in the eastern Lithuanian partisan headquarters editing the newspapers Aukštaičių kova and Laisvės kova.[2][4][7][3][8][6]

On 21 September 1952, not being able to resist interrogation, the area commander Jonas Kimštas was forced to reveal the location of the eastern headquarters.[15] About a thousand soldiers surrounded the forest of Raguva, and after finding one of the three bunkers in which Krivickas hid, they executed him immediately.[2][4][7][10][8]

In 1953, the last remaining partisan brother, Jonas, was killed in the forest of Skaistkalnis.[7]