Bryobia

Bryobia is a genus of mites in the spider mite family, Tetranychidae. The taxonomy of the genus is difficult. The genus has been revised several times. It is difficult to distinguish these tiny species from each other on the basis of morphological characters, and there is little agreement on which characteristics are of importance. Also, species can be variable in morphology. Over 130 species have been described, but many of the names are likely synonyms.[1][2]

Bryobia
A clover mite on a leaf
Scientific classification
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Bryobia

Koch, 1836
Species

see text

Description

Bryobia mites are among the largest spider mites. The adult is visible to the naked eye. Mites of this genus are mainly distinguished by the arrangement of the setae on their bodies.[3] In general, these mites are red in color with whitish setae and long legs with hooked claws.[4]

Biology

Bryobia mites feed on plants. They puncture the plant tissues with their sucking mouthparts. They are often found on leaves, but they also live on branches and twigs.[2]

The life history is variable across species. Typically, it takes about a month for a mite to develop from egg and larva to adult. This depends on environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. Some species overwinter in the egg stage. Some species have a single generation per year, while others have several. The eggs are laid singly or in clutches, and some mites may cover the eggs with dust or other matter. Unlike some other spider mites, bryobia mites do not spin webs.[2]

The great majority of Bryobia mites are asexual (although certain species do reproduce sexually). Their populations are all female, and individuals reproduce by thelytoky, a form of parthenogenesis. They emerge from unfertilized eggs. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the asexual species in the genus are not a monophyletic group; indicating that asexual reproduction evolved several times or that sexuality re-evolved. The asexual species have a high level of genetic diversity considering that they are clones; this may have arisen through hybridization and mutation. In at least two species, namely Bryobia kissophila and B. praetiosa, asexuality is caused by the parasitic bacterium Wolbachia.[5] This bacterium causes functional apomixis in the mites, so that a female produces only offspring that are identical to her.[6] It is possible that Wolbachia could influence the reproductive processes of most bryobia mite species.[5]

Familiar species

Perhaps the best known species is Bryobia praetiosa, the clover mite or brown clover mite, an economically important pest of over 250 species of plants.[4] It occurs nearly worldwide.[7] Like other bryobia mites, this species is herbivorous, but there have been occasional reports of it occurring as an ectoparasite on humans, particularly children. It causes an itchy skin irritation.[8] There has also been an isolated case report of an infestation in a domestic cat.[9]

References

  1. Spider Mites Web retrieved: 28 January 2016
  2. Ros, V. I. D. (2009). Evolutionary consequences of reproductive parasites in spider mites. Entomologische Berichten 70(5) 154-61.
  3. Khanjani, M., et al. (2008). A species of the genus Bryobia Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Iran. International Journal of Acarology 34(3) 243-49.
  4. Walter, D. E. Bryobia. Invasive Mite Identification: Tools for Quarantine and Plant Protection. Lucid v. 3.3. 2006.
  5. Ros, V. I. D., et al. (2008). Origins of asexuality in Bryobia mites (Acari: Tetranychidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 153.
  6. Weeks, A. R. and J. A. J. Breeuwer. (2001). Wolbachia–induced parthenogenesis in a genus of phytophagous mites. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268(1482) 2245-51.
  7. Gomez, C. and R. F. Mizell. Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa. Document EENY437. University of Florida IFAS Extension. 2008.
  8. Ebeling, W. Chapter 12 - Miscellaneous Pests: Mites. Archived 2013-05-09 at the Wayback Machine Urban Entomology. UC Riverside. 2002.
  9. Lindo, D. E. and H. H. Grenn. (1968). Bryobia praetiosa (clover mite) infestation in a feline. Can Vet Jour 9(11) 254-56.
  10. Hatzinikolis, E. N. and N. G. Emmanouel. (1991). A revision of the genus Bryobia in Greece (Acari: Tetranychidae). Entomologia Hellenica 9 21-34.
  11. Hallas, T. E. and B. E. Gudleifsson. (2004). Phenology of Bryobia cristata (Acari, Prostigmata) in hayfields in northern Iceland. Experimental and Applied Acarology 33 103-07.
  12. "Spider mites of Australia (including key exotic southeast Asian pest species): Factsheet - Bryobia graminum (Schrank, 1781)". keys.lucidcentral.org. Archived from the original on 2022-01-15. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
  13. The Bryobia Mite and the Pear-leaf Blister Mite. Victoria State Government Department of Environment and Primary Industries: Agriculture. Note No. AG0094, 2000, updated 2010.
  14. Grape: Bryobia mite. Archived 2013-07-13 at archive.today Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. Oregon State University. 2013.
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