Agathosma

Agathosma
	Agathosma betulina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Rutaceae
Subfamily:	Zanthoxyloideae
Genus:	Agathosma; Willd. (nom. cons.)[1][2][3]
Species
	See text.
Synonyms[1]
	Barosma Willd.; Hartogia L.; Parapetalifera J.C.Wendl.;

Agathosma is a genus of about 140 species of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, native to the southern part of Africa. Common names include buchu, boegoe, bucco, bookoo and diosma. Buchu formally denotes two herbal species, prized for their fragrance and medicinal use despite their toxicity. In colloquial use however, the term (see Boegoe) is applied to a wider set of fragrant shrubs or substitutes.

They are small shrubs and subshrubs, mostly with erect woody stems reaching 30–100 cm tall, but low-growing and prostrate in some species. The leaves are usually opposite, ericoid, often crowded, simple, entire, from 0.5-3.5 cm long. The flowers are produced in terminal clusters, 0.7–2 cm diameter, with five white, pink, red or purple, petals.

Many of the species are highly aromatic, and the genus name means "good fragrance". Some species of the genus are used as herbal remedies.

Uses

Two species of Agathosma endemic to the Western Cape mountains of South Africa and colloquially referred to as "buchu" are cultivated on a commercial basis for their essential oils, Agathosma betulina and Agathosma crenulata. The leaves of Agathosma betulina have been used in traditional medicine. Bottled agathosma infusions were widely sold in English-speaking countries as "buchu tea" in the 1860s and 1870s.

Although demand declined in the 1880s, consumption has continued to the present day; as of 2012, bottled infusions continue to be prepared from agathosma leaves. In addition, traditional buchu tinctures can be prepared by placing leaves and stalks into brandy. "Buchu vinegar", prepared by steeping the leaves and stalks in vinegar, also is a traditional remedy used for example in compresses and also taken internally.[4]

The essential oil is used in the manufacture of flavorings and perfume. There appear to be differences in people's perceptions of the smell, possibly determined genetically, rather than by familiarity or nurture. Some people find the smell to be repulsive, while most find it pleasantly herbal. This is not particularly unusual in reaction to the smells of many aromatic Karoo shrubs.

Gallery

Buchu (Agathosma) being commercially grown in the Groot Winterhoek mountains of the Western Cape
Agathosma apiculata

Selected species

^{List sources :}[2]^,[5]^,[6]

A. abrupta Pillans
A. acocksii Pillans
A. acutissima Dümmer
A. adenandriflora Schltr.
A. adnata Pillans
A. aemula Schltr.
A. affinis Sond.
A. alaris Cham.
A. alligans I.Williams
A. alpina Schltr.
A. alticola Schltr. ex Dümmer
A. anomala E.Mey. ex Sond.
A. apiculata E.Mey. ex Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. asperifolia Eckl. & Zeyh.
A. barnesiae Compton
A. bathii (Dümmer) Pillans
A. betulina (P.J.Bergius) Pillans
A. bicolor Dümmer
A. bicornuta R.A.Dyer
A. bifida Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. bisulca Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. blaerioides Cham.
A. bodkinii Dümmer
A. capensis (L.) Dümmer
A. capitata Sond.
A. cedrimontana Dümmer
A. cephalodes E.Mey. ex Sond.
A. cerefolia (Vent.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. ciliaris (L.) Druce
A. ciliata (L.) Link
A. clavisepala R.A.Dyer
A. collina Eckl. & Zeyh.
A. concava Pillans
A. conferta Pillans
A. cordifolia Pillans
A. corymbosa (Montin) G.Don
A. craspedota E.Mey. ex Sond.
A. crassifolia Sond.
A. crenulata (L.) Pillans
A. decurrens Pillans
A. dentata Pillans
A. dielsiana Schltr. ex Dümmer
A. distans Pillans
A. divaricata Pillans
A. dregeana Sond.
A. elata Sond.
A. elegans Cham.
A. eriantha (Steud.) Steud.
A. esterhuyseniae Pillans
A. florida Sond.
A. florulenta Sond.
A. foetidissima (Bartl. & H.C.Wendl.) Steud. – Bokboegoe
A. foleyana Dümmer
A. fraudulenta Sond.
A. geniculata Pillans
A. giftbergensis E.Phillips
A. glabrata Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. glandulosa (Thunb.) Sond.
A. gnidiiflora Dümmer
A. gonaquensis Eckl. & Zeyh. – Gonaqua buchu
A. hirsuta Pillans
A. hirta Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. hispida (Thunb.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. hookeri Sond.
A. humilis Sond.
A. imbricata (L.) Willd.
A. insignis (Compton) Pillans
A. involucrata Eckl. & Zeyh.
A. joubertiana Schltdl.
A. juniperifolia Bartl.
A. kougaensis Pillans
A. krakadouwensis Dümmer
A. lanceolata (L.) Engl.
A. lancifolia Eckl. & Zeyh.
A. latipetala Sond.
A. leptospermoides Sond.
A. linifolia (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Licht. ex Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. longicornu Pillans
A. marifolia Eckl. & Zeyh.
A. marlothii Dümmer
A. martiana Sond.
A. microcalyx Dümmer
A. microcarpa (Sond.) Pillans
A. minuta Schltdl.
A. mirabilis Pillans
A. mucronulata Sond. – Buchu
A. muirii E.Phillips
A. mundtii Cham. & Schltdl.
A. namaquensis Pillans
A. odoratissima (Montin) Pillans
A. orbicularis (Thunb.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. ovalifolia Pillans
A. ovata (Thunb.) Pillans – False buchu
A. pallens Pillans
A. pattisonae Dümmer
A. peglerae Dümmer
A. pentachotoma E.Mey. ex Sond.
A. perdita Hutch.
A. phillipsii Dümmer
A. pilifera Schltdl.
A. planifolia Sond.
A. propinqua Sond.
A. puberula (Steud.) Fourc.
A. pubigera Sond.
A. pulchella (L.) Link
A. pungens (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Pillans
A. purpurea Pillans
A. recurvifolia Sond.
A. rehmanniana Dümmer
A. riversdalensis Dümmer
A. robusta Eckl. & Zeyh.
A. roodebergensis Compton
A. rosmarinifolia (Bartl.) I.Williams
A. rubricaulis Dümmer
A. rudolphii I.Williams
A. sabulosa Sond.
A. salina Eckl. & Zeyh.
A. scaberula Dümmer
A. sedifolia Schltdl.
A. serpyllacea Licht. ex Schult.
A. serratifolia (Curtis) Spreeth
A. sladeniana Glover
A. spinescens Dümmer
A. spinosa Sond.
A. squamosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. stenopetala (Steud.) Steud.
A. stenosepala Pillans
A. stilbeoides Dümmer
A. stipitata Pillans
A. stokoei Pillans
A. subteretifolia Pillans
A. tabularis Sond.
A. thymifolia Schltdl.
A. trichocarpa Holmes
A. tulbaghensis Dümmer
A. umbonata Pillans
A. unicarpellata (Fourc.) Pillans
A. venusta (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Pillans
A. villosa (Willd.) Willd. (type)
A. virgata (Lam.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
A. zwartbergensis Pillans

Notes

GRIN (March 20, 2008). "Agathosma information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Comment: conserved (nom. cons.) against the homotypic synonym (Vienna ICBN Art. 14.4 & App. III) Bucco J.C.Wendl., nom. rej. & the heterotypic synonym Hartogia L., nom. rej.
The genus Agathosma as well as the type A. villosa was described and published in Enumeratio plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis: continens descriptiones omnium vegetabilium in horto dicto cultorum. 259. 1809. "Name - !Agathosma Willd". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden (MOBOT). Retrieved January 30, 2013. Annotation: nom. cons.; Type Specimens: T: Agathosma villosa (Willd.) Willd.
N O T E : Click on the hyperlink for "page 259" to read the text by Karl Ludwig Willdenow, Friedrich Karl von Schlechtendal (1809). "Classis V. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA; Genus 291. AGATHOSMA". Enumeratio plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis: continens descriptiones omnium vegetabilium in horto dicto cultorum (in Latin). pp. 259–260. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Watt, John Mitchell, Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962
N O T E : In spite of the fact that A. villosa has been designated as the type species of the genus Agathosma, The Plant List regards it to be a synonym of A. glabrata "TPL, treatment of Agathosma villosa". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and MOBOT. 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
"TPL, treatment of Agathosma". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and MOBOT. 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2013.

References

Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Buchu" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 415.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Buchu" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 720.

External links

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[grin-1] GRIN (March 20, 2008). "Agathosma information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Comment: conserved (nom. cons.) against the homotypic synonym (Vienna ICBN Art. 14.4 & App. III) Bucco J.C.Wendl., nom. rej. & the heterotypic synonym Hartogia L., nom. rej.

[trop-2] The genus Agathosma as well as the type A. villosa was described and published in Enumeratio plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis: continens descriptiones omnium vegetabilium in horto dicto cultorum. 259. 1809. "Name - !Agathosma Willd". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden (MOBOT). Retrieved January 30, 2013. Annotation: nom. cons.; Type Specimens: T: Agathosma villosa (Willd.) Willd.

[googlebooks-3] N O T E : Click on the hyperlink for "page 259" to read the text by Karl Ludwig Willdenow, Friedrich Karl von Schlechtendal (1809). "Classis V. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA; Genus 291. AGATHOSMA". Enumeratio plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis: continens descriptiones omnium vegetabilium in horto dicto cultorum (in Latin). pp. 259–260. Retrieved January 30, 2013.

[4] Watt, John Mitchell, Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962

[tpl1-5] N O T E : In spite of the fact that A. villosa has been designated as the type species of the genus Agathosma, The Plant List regards it to be a synonym of A. glabrata "TPL, treatment of Agathosma villosa". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and MOBOT. 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2013.

[tpl2-6] "TPL, treatment of Agathosma". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and MOBOT. 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2013.