Bugchasing

Rolling Stone's 2003 article Bug Chasers: The men who long to be HIV+ presented the topic to popular media

The precise origins of bugchasing—the pursuit of HIV infection—are largely unknown, with its inception located either at the beginning of the AIDS crisis or closer to the 1990s.[4] But it existed by at least 1997, when Newsweek published an article about the subject,[5] followed by Rolling Stone in 2003. The Rolling Stone article, "Bug Chasers: The men who long to be HIV+", written by Gregory Freeman, was the first to bring widespread concern and attention to the practice.[6] That article claimed that around 25 percent of all new HIV infections in the United States (10,000 of 45,000) were linked to bugchasing activity.[6] Freeman's statistics erroneously counted all men who engaged in barebacking, regardless of motivation or attempts to seek out HIV infection, as bugchasers.[7] Authorities that Freeman cited have since claimed he fabricated their statements, and his data have been widely criticized.[8] In the estimation of sexuality studies scholar Octavio R. Gonzalez, Freeman's article was perhaps most responsible for bringing the term bugchasing to a mainstream audience,[9] and public interest in and understanding of the practice increased following Freeman's article.[10]

Bugchasers are men who have sex with men (MSM)[upper-alpha 1] who eroticize HIV infection, particularly through engaging in online sexual fantasies of being infected with HIV, or who actually pursue infection with the virus.[11] Since little is understood about the practice in general, the motivations for developing bugchasing identity and behavior remain largely undefined.[12] However, at least four motivations have been suggested.[13]

First, some men may become bugchasers as a result of fear of HIV infection, which had previously altered their sexual behavior, such as men abstaining from sex entirely, committing to one partner, or using preventative measures such as condoms.[15] In this way, bugchasers may view their actions as empowering, both sexually and personally;[16] the transformation of bugchasers from HIV-negative to HIV-positive status is understood by the group as masculinizing, which grants them additional status.[17] Second, some men view HIV-positive status as erotic or sexually stimulating. It may be a subject of pleasure or the ultimate taboo to overcome.[18] Third, bugchasers may understand HIV-positive status (or its pursuit) as granting a shared identity and sense of community.[19] And fourth, bugchasing has been described as a political device and action against social norms (such as those tied to heteronormativity) through transgression of—or rebellion against—popular sentiments about gay life.[20] There is a fifth possible motivation—suicide[21]—but this remains an unclear or imprecise explanation for bugchasing behavior.[22]

Bugchasing is a rare sexual taboo.[23] It is described as "statistically rare".[24] Many self-identified bugchasers do not deliberately seek out sex with HIV-positive people, and their identities frequently do not align with their actions.[25] Many men who self-identify as bugchasers never attempt to become HIV-positive.[26] There are many self-identified bugchasers on the internet, using sites such as Twitter and (formerly) Tumblr.[27]

The widespread availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), capable of preventing HIV infection in otherwise unprotected sexual encounters, has not resulted in the disappearance of bugchasing.[28] Some men incorporate taking PrEP alongside bugchasing behavior, others experiment with bugchasing while on PrEP, and others view it as emasculating and refuse to use it.[29]

While barebacking and bugchasing are both centered in risky sexual activity, they are distinct activities. Bugchasing is a subculture of barebacking, and intent is a distinguishing characteristic between bugchasers and barebackers: most barebackers do not intend to be infected (or infect others) with HIV, which is the apparent focus of bugchasing behavior.[30]

In the view of ethnologist Jamie García-Iglesias and researcher Tim Dean, bugchasers circulate several metaphors that distinguish their identity from other MSM communities: insemination, pregnancy, and paternity.[31] According to Dean and the psychological researcher Hugh Klein, since HIV is able to spread and reproduce through the sexual activity belonging to bugchasing, its cultural dimensions—institutions, norms, practices, and forms of kinship that, taken together, form a community situated around HIV status—may be transmitted through viral infection, similar to cultural propagation through birth and paternity.[32] It is this sense of community—at once built but also destroyed by the consequences of HIV infection—that is described by García-Iglesias as both "queer world-making and world-shattering".[33]

Similarly, bugchasing spaces may reinforce certain notions of masculinity. The sex researcher Ellie Reynolds writes that HIV-positive men who purposely seek out others to infect with HIV—known as giftgivers—are constructed as hypermasculine through a penetrative sexual role, while bugchasers are understood to lack masculinity: penetrated (rather than penetrating), having their rectums described with words relating to women such as "pussy" and "mancunt", they occupy a feminine role in the social order.[34] Whether giftgivers continue to exist is uncertain, given what García-Iglesias calls their "statistically rare" population and "biological implausib[ility] (on the basis of widespread successful treatment)".[35]

American filmmaker Louise Hogarth released a documentary, The Gift, in the same year the Rolling Stone piece was published. It focused on narratives of bugchasers,[36] emphasizing the self-reported positive aspects of HIV infection.[37] Three years later, Ricky Dyer, an HIV-positive man, released a documentary through BBC3 entitled "I love being HIV+", suggesting that most bugchasing activity is simply fantasy.[38] In 2009, gay playwright Erik Patterson ran the tragicomedy He Asked For It,[39] dealing with bugchasing and HIV-positive status in contemporary Hollywood.[40] Bugchasing was also a part of the show Queer as Folk.[41]

In 2012, Canadian Steven Boone was tried and convicted of three counts each of attempted murder and aggravated sexual assault after having unprotected sex with four men after previously contracting HIV. A self-described "poz vampire"—the word poz referring to acquiring HIV[42]—he was immersed in bugchasing culture. His convictions on attempted murder have since been quashed after appealing to the Court of Appeal for Ontario, while the aggravated sexual assault convictions remain. The appeals court said it was not proven in the original case that he intended to kill his sexual partners; it offered the government the possibility of a new trial.[43] Other cases of people being charged for the willful transmission of HIV have been reported.[44]