Biu–Mandara languages

The Biu–Mandara or Central Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon.

Biu–Mandara
Central Chadic
Geographic
distribution
Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
Subdivisions
  • South
  • Hurza
  • North
Glottologbium1280
Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria.

A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed by Gravina (2014).[1]

Languages

Gravina (2014)

Gravina (2014) classifies Central Chadic as follows, as part of a reconstruction of the proto-language. Letters and numbers in parentheses correspond to branches in previous classifications. The greatest changes are breaking up and reassigning the languages of the old Mafa branch (A.5) and Mandage (Kotoko) branch (B.1).[2]

Jilbe was not classified, as no sources were available.

Blench (2006)

The branches of Biu–Mandara traditionally go by either names or letters and numbers in an outline format. Blench (2006) organizes them as follows:[4]

Newman (1977)

Central Chadic classification per Newman (1977):

Newman 1977

Names and locations (Nigeria)

Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).[5]

BranchCodePrimary locations
Distributions of Biu–Mandara branches in Nigeria[5]
TeraA1Gombi LGA, Adamawa State and Biu LGA, Borno State
BataA8Mubi LGA, Adamawa State
HigiA3Michika LGA, Adamawa State
MandaraA4Gwoza LGA, Borno State and Michika LGA, Adamawa State

South

LanguageBranchClusterDialectsAlternate spellingsOwn name for languageEndonym(s)Other names (location-based)Other names for languageExonym(s)SpeakersLocation(s)Notes
DabaDabaDabaA single village, less than 1,000. Mostly in CamerounAdamawa State, Mubi LGA. Between Mubi and Bahuli
MafaMafaMafa (Mofa) in Nigeria. Cameroon dialects divided into West, Central and Eastern.MofaMatakam (not recommended)2,000 (1963), 136,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)Borno State, Gwoza LGA; mainly in Cameroon
SakunSukurSakun, GemasakunGә̀mà SákúnSugurAdikummu Sukur5,000 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL). 7 villagesAdamawa State, Madgali LGA
Ga’anda clusterTeraGa’andaTlәka’andata pl. Ka’andәcaKaɓәnMokar [name of the place where the rolling pot stopped]7,600 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL);␣4. Six villagesAdamawa State, Gombi LGA
KaɓәnTeraGa’andaGabinTlәkaɓәnɗa pl. Kaɓәnca12 villages
FәrtataTeraGa’andaTlәfәrtata pl. Fәrtaca5 villages
BogaTeraBoka5 villagesAdamawa State, Gombi LGA
HwanaTeraHona, Hwona6,604 (1952 W&B); 20,000 (1973 SIL), estimate more than 20,000 (Blench 1987)Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, Guyuk and 30 other villages
JaraTeraJera4,000 (SIL)Borno State, Biu LGA; Bauchi State, Ako LGAAlso refers to the languages of the Jarawan Bantu group including: the Jarawa cluster, Mbárù, Gùra, Rúhû, Gubi, Dulbu, Láb􀬎̀r, Kulung, and Gwa
Tera clusterTeraTera46,000 (SIL); 50,000 (Newman 1970)Borno State, Biu LGA; Gombe State, Gombi LGA, Kwami district, Ako LGA, Yamaltu and Ako districts, Dukku LGA, Funakaye district
NyimatliTeraTeraWuyo-Ɓalɓiya-Waɗe; Deba-Zambuk-Hina-Kalshingi-Kwadon [orthography based on this cluster]Yamaltu, Nimalto, NyemathiGombe State, Ako, Gombe, Kwami, Funakai, Yamaltu LGAs; Borno State, Ɓayo LGA
PidlimdiTeraTeraHinna, Hina, GhәnaBorno State, Biu LGA
Bura KokuraTeraTeraBorno State, Biu LGA
BogaTera, EasternBokaAdamawa State, Gombi LGA
Bata clusterBataBata
BwatyeBataBataMulyen (Mwulyin), Dong, Opalo, Wa-DukuGboare, BwatiyeKwaa–ƁwaareƁwaareBachama11,250 (1952) 20,000 (1963)Adamawa State, Numan and Guyuk LGAs, Kaduna State, north east of Kaduna town. Bacama fishermen migrate long distances down the Benue River, with camps as far as the Benue/Niger confluence.
BataBataBataKoboci, Kobotschi (Kobocĩ, Wadi, Zumu (Jimo), Malabu, Bata of Ribaw, Bata of Demsa, Bata of Garoua, JiraiBatta, Gbwata26,400 (1952), est. 2,000 in Cameroon; 39,000 total (1971 Welmers)Adamawa State, Numan, Song, Fufore and Mubi LGAs; also in Cameroon
Fali clusterBataFaliFali of Mubi, Fali of MuchellaVimtim, Yimtim4 principal villages. Estimate of more than 20,000 (1990)Adamawa State, Mubi LGA
VinBataFaliUroovinUvinVimtimVimtim town, north of Mubi
HuliBataFaliBahuliUrahuliHuli, HulBahuli town, northeast of Mubi
MadzarinBataFaliUra MadzarinMadzarinMuchellaMuchella town, northeast of Mubi
ƁweenBataFaliUramɓweenCumɓweenBagiraBagira town, northeast of Mubi
GuduBataGutu, Gudo1,200 (LA 1971)Adamawa State, Song LGA, 120 km. west of Song. Approximately 5 villages.
GuɗeBataGude, GoudéMubiCheke, Tcheke, Mapuda, Shede, Tchade, Mapodi, Mudaye, Mocigin, Motchekin28,000 (1952), est. 20,000 in CameroonAdamawa State, Mubi LGA; Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA; and in Cameroon
HolmaBataHolmaDa HolmaciBali Holma4 speakers (Blench, 1987). The language has almost vanished and has been replaced by Fulfulde.Adamawa State. Spoken north of Sorau on the Cameroon border
NgwabaBataGombi, GobaFewer than 1000Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, at Fachi and Gudumiya
NzanyiBataPaka, Rogede (Rɨgudede), Nggwoli, Hoode, Maiha, Magara, Dede, Mutidi; and Lovi in CameroonNjanyi, Njai, Njei, Zany, Nzangi, Zani, Njeny, Jeng, Njegn, Njeng,Nzangɨ sg., Nzanyi pl.Jenge, Jeng, Mzangyim, Kobochi, Kobotshi1.B Wur Nzanyi14,000 in Nigeria (1952), 9,000 in Cameroon.Nigeria: Adamawa State, Maiha LGA. Cameroon: West of Dourbeye near Nigerian border in Doumo region, Mayo-Oulo Subdivision, Mayo-Louti Division, North Province.
ZizilivәkanBataZilivәÀmZírívFali of Jilbu‘a few hundred’ in CameroonAdamawa State, Mubi LGA, Jilbu town; and in Cameroon

North

LanguageBranchClusterDialectsAlternate spellingsOwn name for languageEndonym(s)Other names (location-based)Other names for languageExonym(s)SpeakersLocation(s)Notes
HubaBuraLuwaHәbaHubaHubaChobba Kilba32,000 (1952); 100,000 (1980 UBS)Adamawa State, Hong, Maiha, Mubi and Gombi LGAs
MargiBuraCentral: Margi babal = ‘Margi of the Plain’ around Lasa, Margi Dzәrŋu = ‘Margi near the Hill öu’ around Gulak; Gwàrà; Mə̀lgwí (Mulgwe, Molgheu); Wúrgà (Urga); South Margi is counted as a separate language and is more closely related to HubaMarghi, MargyiMàrgíMàrgíFor Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955); 200,000 (1987 UBS)Borno State, Askira–Uba and Damboa LGAs; Adamawa State, Madagali, Mubi and Michika LGAs
NggwahyiBuraNgwaxi, NgwohiOne villageBorno State, Askira–Uba LGA
PutaiBuraMargi WestMargi Putai = ‘West Margi’, Margi of MinthlaLanguage dying out, but ethnic population largeBorno State, Damboa LGA
Margi SouthBuraWamdiu, HildiMargi ti ntәmFor Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955)Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA; Adamawa State, Mubi and Michika LGAsHoffmann (1963) relates the language of Margi South to Huba rather than to Margi.
Bura–PabirBuraBura Pela (Hill Bura), Bura Hyil Hawul (Plains Bura)Bourrah, Burra, Babir, BaburMya BuraTwo peoples with one language: the Bura and the PabirKwojeffa, Huve, Huviya72,200 (1952 W&B), 250,000 (1987 UBS)Borno State, Biu and Askira–Uba LGAs
CibakBuraChibak, Chibuk, Chibbuk, Chibbak, Kyibaku, KibakuCíbɔ̀k, Kikuk20,000 (1973 SIL)Borno State, Damboa LGA, south of Damboa town
KamweHigiNkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sәna, Wula, Futu, Tili Pte, Kapsiki (Ptsәkɛ) in CameroonVәcәmweHigi, Hiji, Kapsiki64,000 (1952); 180,000 (1973 SIL) est. 23,000 in CameroonAdamawa State, Michika LGA and into Cameroon
MuktaHigiKamweMuktaMukta villageAdamawa State
Kirya-Konzәl clusterHigiKirya-KonzәlFaliAdamawa State, Michika LGA.
KiryaHigiKirya-Konzәlmyá Kákíryàndá Kákìryà pl. KákìryàFali of Kiriya7,000 est. 2007. Kirya: 13 villages
KonzәlHigiKirya-Konzәlmyá Kónzә̀lndá Kónzә̀l pl. Kónzә̀lFali of Mijilu9000 est. 2007. Konzәl: 15 villages
CineneMandaraCineneCinene3200 (Kim 2001)Borno State, Gwoza LGA, east of Gwoza town in the mountains. 5 villages.
DghweɗeMandaraDghwede, Hude, Johode, Dehoxde, Tghuade, Toghwede, TraudeDghwéɗèAzaghvana, Wa’a, Zaghvana19,000 (1963), 7,900 (TR 1970), 30,000 (1980 UBS)Borno State, Gwoza LGA
Guduf–Cikide clusterMandaraGuduf–CikideAfkabiye (Lamang)21,300 (1963)Borno State, Gwoza LGA, east of Gwoza town in the mountains. Six main villages.
GudufMandaraGuduf–CikideGuduf, Cikide (Chikide)KәdupaxaƁuxe, Gbuwhe, Latәghwa (Lamang), Lipedeke (Lamang). Also applied to Dghwede.
GavaMandaraGuduf–CikideGawaKәdupaxaLinggava, Ney Laxaya, Yaghwatadaxa, Yawotataxa, Yawotatacha, Yaxmare, Wakura
CikideMandaraGuduf–CikideCikideCikide
GvokoMandaraGәvokoNgoshe Ndaghang, Ngweshe Ndhang, NggwesheNgoshe Sama2,500 (1963); 4,300 (1973 SIL); estimated more than 20,000 (1990)Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA
Lamang clusterMandaraLamangLaamangWaha15,000 (TR 1970), 40,000 (1963)
ZaladvaMandaraLamangZaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuuɓa (Dzuuba), Lәghva (Lughva), Gwózà Wakane (Gwozo)ZәlәdvәLamang NorthBorno State, Gwoza LGA
GhumbaghaMandaraLamangHә̀ɗkàlà (Xәdkala, Hidkala, Hitkala), Waga (Wagga, Woga, Waha)Lamang CentralBorno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA;
GhudavanMandaraLamangGhudeven, GhudәvәnLamang SouthBorno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; and in Cameroon
GlavdaMandaraNgoshe (Ngweshe)Galavda, Glanda, Gelebda, GәlәvdәWakura20,000 (1963); 2,800 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)Borno State, Gwoza LGA; also in Cameroon
HdiMandaraHidé, Hide, Xide, XediXәdiGra, Tur, Turu, Tourou, FtourBorno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; and in Cameroon
Vemgo–Mabas clusterMandaraVemgo–Mabas
VemgoMandaraVemgo–MabasBorno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; and in Cameroon
MabasMandaraVemgo–MabasA single village on the Nigeria/Cameroon frontierAdamawa State, Michika LGA. 10 km. S.E. of Madagali
Wandala clusterMandaraWandalaMandara, Ndara19,300 in Nigeria (1970); 23,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)Borno State. Bama, Gwoza LGAs.
WandalaMandaraWandalaWandalaMandaraUsed as a vehicular language in this locality of Nigeria and Cameroon
MuraMandaraWandalaMuraMora, Kirdi MoraAn archaic form of Wandala spoken by non–Islamized populationsUncertain if Mura is spoken in Nigeria
MalgwaMandaraWandalaGwanjeMәlgwaMalgo, Gamargu, Gamergu10,000 (TR 1970)Borno State, Damboa, Gwoza and Konduga LGAs
AfaɗәMandageAfade, Affade, AfadeeAfaɗәKotoko, MogariTwelve villages in Nigeria, estimate Fewer than 20,000 (1990)Borno State, Ngala LGA; and in Cameroon
JilbeMandageJilbe ? 100 speakers (Tourneux p.c. 1999)Borno State, a single village on the Nigeria Cameroon border, south of Dikwa
YedinaYedinaYedina, Kuri (not in Nigeria)Yídә́nàBuduma20,000 in Chad; 25,000 total (1987 SIL)Borno State, islands of Lake Chad and mostly in Chad

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[6]

ClassificationLanguage12345678910
A, A.1, EasternBoga (Boka)ɨrtàcə̀pməkkənfwəɗàɗurməntyɛ̀xxɛɬmwutfwotfwə̀ɗà (2 x 4)hàhìrta (10–1)kum
A, A.1, EasternGa'andaar̃ta (r̃ is a trill)sur̃r̃imahkə̀nfwəɗàɗɨrmənmɪcamwùt(n)fwətfwəɗà (2 x 4)wə̀nhəhəʔar̃tà (10–1) ?kum
A, A.1, EasternHwana (Hwona)tìtalsuɣurìmaxə̀nfaɗàtuf(ù)mɪ̀kimɨɗ(u)(w)ùvwəɗà (2 x 4)wùtàrè (10–1) ?ɡumdìɗi / kum
A, A.1, WesternTera (1)dà / darāp / rapkúnúŋ / kununɡvàt / vatqúrmún / qurmunⁿjòŋ / njoŋmút / mutmʲāsī / myaasimɨ̄ɮām / mu̠dlamɡʷàŋ / ɡwanɡ
A, A.1, WesternTera (2)darabkunukfadɠurmunnjoŋmutmiyasimilamɡwan
A, A.2Nggwahyi (Ngwaxi)tə̀ŋsɪɗàmakùr̃fwə̀r̃tufùnkwɔ̀mur̃fàncismɪðakuma
A, A.2, 1Bura (Bura-Pabir) (1)ntànɡsùɗàmàkə̀rfwàrntìfùnkwàmùrfàcìsùùmðlàkùmà
A, A.2, 1Bura (Bura-Pabir) (2)ntaŋsuɗàmakùr̃fwar̃ntufùŋ̀kwàmurfàncɨsùḿðàkuma
A, A.2, 1Cibak (Bura-Pabir)tə̀ŋ / patù / dukùsudæ̀makùr̃fwòɗutufùŋ̀kwàmurɨfwæ̀ntsisùmɨðækuma
A, A.2, 1Putai (West Margi)duku / təŋ / duɡusuɗà / fɨɗɛ̀makùrfɔɗu / fwoɗutufùkwa / kwɔ̀muɗufā / muɗɨfɛ̀cisù / ncɪsùḿðà / mðɛ̀kuma / kumɛ
A, A.2, 2Huba (Kilba)dzàŋmətlùmàkə̀r / màkərùfòɗùtùfùkwàməɗəfàcìsùdlàkùmà / kùm
A, A.2, 2Central Marghitaŋ / paɬu / tɪtɨkùmɨɬù / sɪɗàŋmakùr̃fwoɗùntɪfùŋ̀kwàmɪɗɪfùntsisùḿðùkumu
A, A.3Bana (1)tánə̀bákə̀máhə̀kánə̀fáɗə̀cífə̀kwáŋbə̀rfàŋdə̀ɣə̀sə̀mə̀ɬísɗə̀mə̀ŋ
A, A.3Bana (2)kwətiŋbakəmahkanfaɗəcifəkwaŋmbərfəŋdəghəsməsliɗməŋ
A, A.3Hya (Higi Ghye)paðɛ / tanɛɓaɡɛmàŋkɛfwaɗɛwcivikwaŋəymbùr̃ùfəŋəytùɡùziwɨɬtimùŋəy
A, A.3Kafa (1)ʔìkkòóɡùttòókèèmóáwùddòʔùùttʃòóʃírìttòóʃábààttòóʃímìttòójììtʼijòóààʃìròó
A, A.3Kafa (2)ʔikkoɡuttokeemoʔauddoʔuutʃtʃoʃirittoʃabaattoʃimittojiitʼijoʔaaʃiro
A, A.3Kafa (3)ʔikkoɡuttokeemoauddouuččoširittošabaattošimittoyiitʼtʼioaaširo
A, A.3Kwame (Fali of Kiria)ɡutàn / tanəyɓwukuʔmàkun(u)fwaɗùʔ(w)cɪfuʔŋkwaŋmbùrùfūŋtùɣùsùʔǹwɬti(ʔyì)ɡwùm(ù)
A, A.3Psikye (Kapsiki)kwetɛŋebakemahekenewəfaɗemcɛfeŋkwaŋemberefaŋedeɡhesemeslimeŋe
A, A.4, LamangHadi (Hdi)tèkwhìshə̀kə̀nfwáɗhùtáfmə̀kúʔndə̀fáŋtə̀ɣástə̀mbáy / timbeɣwàŋ
A, A.4, LamangLamangtíuwá / táláχésáχ̀kə́náùfáɗáχẁtáfám̀kwá / m̀kuwáə̀lfáŋátə̀ɣásátə̀mbáyáɣwáŋá
A, A.4, LamangVemgo-Mabaspál / tékwhésxə̀kə̀núfáɗxútáfŋ́kulə̀fàŋtə̀ɣàstə̀mbàjɣə̀wàŋ
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, GlavdaCinenepàlàbùʷàxə̀kə̀rɗàùfàɗàɮɨ̀ɓàŋkʷàxàùɗifàtə̀ɣsàvaslambàɗàklawà
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, GlavdaDghwedetɨtɨkwì, tekwèmicèxəkùrèfiɗìðiɓiŋ́kwewuɗìfitəɣə̀še / təxəsetəmbə̀ɣwàŋɡa
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, GlavdaGlavdapállbwaxkərɗufáɗɮəɓŋkwaxuɗiftə́xsvaslambaɗklàáwá
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, GlavdaGuduf-Gavatekʷè / kitakʷèmitsèxəkərɗèùfəɗèɮɨ̀ɓèŋkʷaxèùɗifètə̀ɣəsèvaslambàɗèkuləkè
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, GlavdaGvokopalò / tekòxecòxəkʷaròfwaɗòɮaʔòŋkoyòntfaŋɡòtə̀ɣasòtɨ̀mbayòɣʷaŋɡò
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, MandaraWandala (Malgwa)pállebúwakəɠyéufáɗeiiɮəbéunkwévúyetiisemásə́lmanekəláwa
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, PodokoPodokokutərasəramakəraufaɗazlamaməkuwamaɗəfazametɨrəcejɨma
A, A.5Cuvok (Tchouvok) (1)ámə̀tàát͡ʃèwmáákàrfáɗɮámmáákwàtásə̀làt͡ʃáákàrt͡ʃʉ́ɗkùràw
A, A.5Cuvok (Tchouvok) (2)amta, mtaɛt͡ʃəwmaakarfaɗɮammakwatasəlatsaakart͡ʃyɗkuraw
A, A.5Dugworbeksəlamakarməfaɗzlammukwatselatsaamakartseuɗkurow
A, A.5Zulgo-Gemzekilíksúlamàkərəfáɗə̀zləmndílíktəsəlátsàmàkə̀rtswíɗkúrwá
A, A.5North Gizigaɓlàcêwmàːkàrm̀fàɗɮòmmérkêɗtàːrnàdàːɡàfàɗnɡòltêrkrô
A, A.5South Gizigaplácúwmáakə̀rmə̀fáɗɮúmmérkéɗtàrnàdàaŋɡàfáɗ (2 x 4) ?nɡòltírkúrú
A, A.5Madafteksélamahkaɾwfaàëzzlaèmmokkoàslaasélaàslalahkaàroàboèlmboèdzmoèkw
A, A.5Mafasə́táɗcew / cecewmakárfáɗzlámmokwatsáraɗtsamakaɗcœ́ɗkula
A, A.5Matal (1)dì / tēkùlāsɨ̄làmàkɨ̀rùfàɗɨ̀ɮùmùkʷāmɨ̀ɗɨfm̀tìɡìʃlàdɨ̀ɡàkùlù
A, A.5Matal (2)dìì / tékùlásə̀làmákə̀rúfàɗə́ɮùwmə̀kwámə̀də̀fmə̀tə̀ɡìʃládə̀ɡákùlù
A, A.5Mbukokərtektsewmaakaŋfuɗoɗarambərkatsuwɓedzəmaakaŋdəsuɗokuro
A, A.5Mefelemə̀tácécèwmàhkárfwàɗɮàmmòkwátsə̀làɗt͡ʃáhkàrt͡ʃʉ́ɗdùmbók
A, A.5Mereynə̀têsúlòmàkàrfàɗɮàmm̀kôtàsə́làtsàːmàːkàrcö̂ɗkrôw
A, A.5Mofu-Gudurteɗ / ték (counting), pál (enumation)t͡sewmáakarməfaɗɮammaakwáwmaasáladaaŋɡafaɗɮam-leték / ɮam-leteɗkúráw
A, A.5North Mofunetteysuhomakarfáɗɮàmmukótaasə́látsamakàŋtsəɗkuro
A, A.5Molokobɪ̀lɛ́ŋtʃɛ́wmàkáɾùfáɗ / mɔ̀fáɗɮɔ̀mmʊ̀kʷɔ̀ʃɪ̀sɛ́ɾɛ́ɬálákáɾhɔ́lɔ́mbɔ́kʷʊ̀ɾɔ́
A, A.5Muyangbílìŋtʃỳmàhkə̄rfāɗɮàmmʊ̀kʷūādə́skə̄lāāɮáláxkə̄rāmbʊ́lmbōkrū
A, A.5Ouldeme (Wuzlam)ʃɛ̄lɛ́ŋbrɛ̄tʃâw / tʃâwmākármə̄fáɗɮàmmōkōsə̄sə̄lāfə̄rfáɗálɓìtkōlō
A, A.5Vame (Pelasla)ɓìlɛ́tʃâwmáŋɡànfúːɗàwɗáːràmárkàtʃíɓàʒíːrɛ̀táhkɛ̀dʒɛm
A, A.6Sukur (1)kə̀líbákma̋kenfwáɗɮámmʊ́kwàmáɗáftə̀kə̀zmíçí / míɬíʔwàn
A, A.6Sukur (2)tá.íbákʼmáːkə̀nfwáɗɮámmə́kkwàmáɗaftə́kkəzməɬiwàŋ
A, A.7Buwaltɛ́ŋɡʷʊ̄lɛ̀ŋɡ͡bɑ́kmɑ̄xkɑ́t̚ŋ̀fɑ́t̚dzɑ̄ɓɑ́nŋ̀ʷkʷɑ́xŋ̀ʃɪ́lɛ́t̚dzɑ̄mɑ̄xkɑ̄t̚ (5 + 3)dzɑ́fɑ́t̚ (5 + 4)wɑ́m
A, A.7Dabatakansəraymakaɗfaɗjeɓinkohcesireɗcəfaɗcəfaɗ (4 + 4)dərfatakan (10–1)ɡuɓ təɓa təɓa
A, A.7Gavarŋ̀tɑ́t̚ɡ͡bɑ̀kmɑ̄xkɑ̀t̚ŋ̀fɑ̄t̚dzɑ̄ɓə̄nŋ̀kʷɑ́xŋ̀ʃɪ́lít̚dzɑ̄mɑ̄xkɑ̄t̚ (5 + 3)dzɑ́ŋfɑ́t̚ (5 + 4)wɑ̄m
A, A.7Mbedamntɑɗbɑkmɑxkɑɗmfɑɗdʒəɓɑnŋkwɑxdiʃliɗdʒɑmɑxkɑɗ (5 + 3)tsɑfɑɗ (5 + 4)wɑm
A, A.7Mina (Hina)ǹtásuloɗmahkaɗmfáɗdzəbuŋǹkúdìsùlùɗfáɗfáɗ (2 x 4)varkantaɡə̀ɓ
A, A.8Bacama (Bachama)hiɗòk͡peḿwɔ̀kunfwəttuftukwə̀ltaka (5 + 1)tukòluk͡pe (5 + 2)fwɔ̂fwət (2 x 4)ɗɔ̀mbiɗò (10–1)bə̌w
A, A.8Fali (Fali of Mucella)tɛ̀n / ʔar̃məbek / bukmàxk(u)fwəɗtufyiɗə̀wmbùr̃fuŋtùɣusmɪ̀ðɪŋɡùm
A, A.8Gudetèen / rûŋbə̀ráʔymàkkǹfwáɗtə́fkùwàmə̀ɗə̀ftə̀ɣə́sìllíŋpuʔ
A, A.8Gudu (Gudo)ǰə́ŋbœ̀kmāːkə́nfwádtùfkwǎmīskàtāfɔ̄rfwād (2 x 4)žīɛ́tə́pə̀n
A, A.8Jimi (Mwulyen)híɗò / tɛ̂nbúk / bíkə̌mwàkɨ́n / maxkə́nfwad / fwátʼtúhf / tɯ́ftúkwàldèáká / bə̌rfǐŋtúkwàlóʔpé / tɯ̀ʁɯ́sfwáfwàɗ (2 x 4) / mìɮíɲtáàmbíɗò / pó?
A, A.8Nzanyihɪɗèbukmɨ̀dɨfəlfwəttufkwɔxmɨ̀skatə̀fwəfwaɗè (2 x 4)təmɓeɗèpu
A, A.8Zizilivakanlɪmsulmàxkufwəymùxtyupŋ̀kwaʔmbùrfìŋtə̀ɣìsmɨ̀ðìɡumù
B, B.1, BudumaBuduma (Yedina)ɡə̀ttéɡàkə́nnə́híɡáyhíŋɟìhə̀ràkkə́tùlwárwósə́kə́hílíɡárhákkán
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, NorthAfadesə́rə̀jāsɗāɡàrkə̀ɡàɗēʃìʃívə̀nārkə̄ (2 x 3)kàtùlvìyāɗē (2 x 4)dìʃẽ̄χkàn
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, NorthMpadepálɡāsìɡòkúròɡāɗèʃénsīʃéskótētúlùr < Kanurijìlìɡàɗè (2 x 4)jìàtálàkán
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, SouthLagwansə́ɣdia, tkúχsɗáɡǎχkərɡǎɗeʃēʃívɛnǎχkər / vɛnǎχəkər (2 x 3)kátulvɛɲáɗe (2 x 4)diʔiʃénχkan
B, B.2Mbarakítáy, ɗówmòkùhúpúɗúíɬímɬírámìɡzàk / mùɡizàkmìsílày / mùsílàywáːŋádòːɡò / dòk
B, B.2Musgukítáy, ɗáwsúlúpúɗúɬímɬàːràmìɡzàk / mùɡzàkmìtwìs / mìtìstíkládòːɡò
CGidartákàsúlàhókùpóɗòɬéɬrébùhúldòdòpórò (2 x 4) ?váyták (10–1)  ?kláù

See also

Notes

  1. Gravina, Richard. 2014. Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon. Webonary.
  2. Gravina, R. (2014). The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic: the reconstruction of the phonology and lexicon of Proto-Central Chadic, and the linguistic history of the Central Chadic languages (Doctoral dissertation, LOT: Utrecht).
  3. Languages are closer to each other than are those of the northern branch
  4. Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
  5. Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  6. Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.

References

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