Burmanniales

Burmanniales Mart.[1][2] (Burmanniales Blume,[3][4] Burmanniales Heintze[5][6])[lower-alpha 1] was an order of monocotyledons, subsequently discontinued.

Burmannia disticha L.
(Type species)

Description

Small perennial or annual mycorrhizal herbs that are achlorophyllous (lacking chlorophyll) and mycotrophic or less often autotrophic.[9]

Systematics and taxonomy

Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius listed the ordo (that is, family)[lower-alpha 2] Burmanniaceae in 1835 and consequently has been cited as an authority, although he acknowledged earlier descriptions by Carl Ludwig Blume (1827) and John Lindley (1830).[12]

In 1927 Heintze elevated the Burmanniaceae family to the rank of the Burmanniales order.[13] Subsequent authors have followed this, including Lawrence 1951,[14] Hutchinson 1973,[15] Dahlgren 1980[16]) and Thorne 1992.[17] Johri et al. treat the 17 families of order Liliiflorae as distributed over 5 suborders, including Burmanniineae Engl.. The latter suborder was then considered to contain two families, Burmanniaceae and Corsiaceae.[18] As circumscribed by Dahlgren (sensu Dahlgren) it was one of five orders belonging to the superorder Liliiflorae and was composed of three families, Burmanniaceae (the type family), Thismiaceae, and Corsiaceae.[19] Later, Burmanniales was included by Takhtajan in the 2009 revision of his system with the same family structure, as an order of superorder Lilianae (as the Liliiflorae were renamed).[9]

Phylogeny

Historically the Burmanniales were considered the closest to the orchids, being epigynous with small seeds, although this was not supported when subjected to cladistic analysis,[20][21] suggesting these characteristics were actually convergent.[22] Phylogenetic analysis showed that Burmanniales was actually polyphyletic,[23][24] resulting in a redistribution of the families between the Liliales and Dioscoreales orders. With the type family Burmanniaceae placed in Dioscoreales (together with Thismiaceae), the Burmanniales order became redundant and was discontinued.

Etymology

The name is derived by typification from the type genus Burmannia, named after the Dutch botanist Johannes Burman (1707–1779),[25] followed by the suffix -iales, to indicate the rank of order.

Notes
  1. The botanical authority was attributed to Heintze by Hoogland and Reveal in 2005, [7] but subsequently revised to Martius in view of changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) at the Vienna Botanical Congress that year.[2] However the authority has also been attributed to Blume, by the same author.[4] The Angiosperm Phylogeny Web gives Martius.[8]
  2. The term Ordo at that time was closer to what we now understand as Family, rather than Order.[10][11]

References
  1. Martius 1835, Consp. Regn. Veg.: 9. Sep–Oct 1835.
  2. Reveal 2005.
  3. Blume 1827, i p. 27.
  4. Reveal 2007.
  5. Heintze 1927, pp. 6, 159.
  6. Reveal 1997.
  7. Hoogland & Reveal 2005.
  8. Stevens 2015, Dioscoreales.
  9. Takhtajan 2009, Burmanniales pp. 636–638.
  10. ICN 2011, 18.2 Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes.
  11. Candolle 1813, Des familles et des tribus pp. 192–195.
  12. Lindley 1830, Burmanniae.
  13. Heintze 1927, p. 6.
  14. Lawrence 1951, p. 431.
  15. Hutchinson 1973.
  16. Dahlgren 1980.
  17. Thorne 1992.
  18. Johri, Ambegaokar & Srivastava 1992.
  19. Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985, Burmanniales pp. 215–219.
  20. Rasmussen 1995.
  21. Rasmussen 2000, p. 432.
  22. Chase 2004.
  23. Neyland 2002.
  24. Neyland & Hennigan 2003.
  25. Quattrocchi 2000, i p. 377.

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