Byat Za

The chronicle reports a didactic episode in which Byat Za politely lectured the young king about statecraft. It came at the end of the Irrawaddy delta campaign of 1389–1390.[11] By then, Razadarit's forces commanded by Byat Za and Dein had defeated the rebel forces led by Viceroy Laukpya of Myaungmya.[7][12] When the king learned that Gov. Lauk Shein of Bassein (Pathein) had escaped with "ten elephant loads of gold and silver", he ordered Byat Za and Dein to go after him and recover the loot. With 700 troops and 10 war elephants, Byat Za (and Dein as his deputy) pursued Lauk Shein all the way to the gates of Sandoway (Thandwe), in the neighboring kingdom of Arakan (modern Rakhine State). A siege ensued but both sides wanted to end it quickly. Sandoway was unprepared to withstand a long siege, and Byat Za with only 700 troops could not afford one. The two sides soon reached an agreement. The governor of Sandoway handed over Lauk Shein, along with his family and loot, to Byat Za, who in turn lifted the siege.[13] Byat Za and his commanders then learned from Lauk Shein's men that Sandoway was starving and had only four or five days' worth of food left. Byat Za's deputies then urged him to resume the siege; they felt the town would fall within 10 days, and they could take the town's gold and silver. Byat Za flat out refused, and ordered the withdrawal to proceed.[14]

When they got back to Bassein, Razadarit asked Byat Za why he did not sack Sandoway. The minister-general lectured the young king on a doctrine of limited war.[14]

There are two aspects of war. One is to settle matters through diplomacy and the other through force of arms. In this affair, it was settled by negotiation, and they delivered the enemy per the agreement. Had we broken our word, and attacked them, we'd no longer have the option to settle matters through negotiation. We'd have to settle by force of arms only.[15]

According to Fernquest, Byat Za's doctrine of limited warfare can be compared to that popularized by Clausewitz that “War is the continuation of politics by other means”—an idea that goes all the way back to the political philosopher Machiavelli.[15] Razadarit was satisfied with Byat Za's logic. After all, the minister-general had been instrumental in bringing all three Mon-speaking provinces into his fold. The 22-year-old king then appointed Byat Za governor of Myaungmya, a key delta port.[16]

Burma in the 15th century

Byat Za's and Dein's role in the long running war with Ava was not just to be military commanders but also be the king's chief advisers.[10] With regard to Ava, the two ministers tried to get their king to achieve and maintain peace with the larger and more populous northern kingdom. Razadarit always sought his chief ministers' input even if he did not always follow their advice.

Indeed, soon after listening to Byat Za's lecture about limited warfare, Razadarit ordered an occupation of Gu-Htut inside Ava territory.[17] For their part, Byat Za and Dein dutifully carried out their responsibilities even if they did not agree with the king's decision. They went to the front with the king when the inevitable Ava invasion came in 1390–1391. After Pegu defenses had successfully held off repeated Ava land and naval attacks, the Pegu court[note 8] persuaded their king to return Gu-Htut to Ava in exchange for Ava's recognition. With Pegu negotiating from a position of strength, Pegu got favorable terms. In 1391, Razadarit and King Swa Saw Ke signed a peace treaty that allowed Pegu to consolidate most of its gains.[18][19]

What followed was ten years of peace between Ava and Pegu. Byat Za and Dein administered the kingdom, which had emerged as a bona fide power in the region. Razadarit was at the height of his power. King of Ayutthaya sent a white elephant, a highly propitious symbol of Southeast Asian monarchs, to Razadarit; Byat Za and Dein went to Kamphaeng Phet to receive the elephant.[20]

Byat Za was again dutifully by Razadarit's side in 1401 when his king decided to discard the treaty and invade Ava during a succession crisis at Ava. He commanded the invasion fleet of 1300 war boats and cargo ships, carrying 5000 (or 7000) troops that sailed up the Irrawaddy.[21] While the invasion fleet penetrated deep into Upper Burma, they could not break through Ava's defenses, and had to retreat before the next rainy season began.[22] By the start of the dry season in November 1402, Ava was now on the offensive, trying to relieve its southern port town of Prome (Pyay), which had been under siege by Pegu forces for a year. Byat Za now commanded the army, and narrowly defeated an Ava army attempting to break the siege.[23] After the hard fought victory, Byat Za recognized that Pegu positions inside Ava territory were increasingly untenable. He recommended the king to lift the siege of Prome, and bring back the garrison at Nawin outside Prome to safer grounds.[24] Although Dein also agreed with Byat Za's assessment, Razadarit chose not to withdraw. As Byat Za and Dein feared, Ava forces sacked the Nawin garrison on 26 December 1402, forcing Pegu to ask for terms about ten days after the battle.[25]

The shoe was now on the other foot. A rueful Razadarit conceded that he should have listened to Byat Za and Dein, and not to the bravado of other commanders.[26] He chose Byat Za to lead the Pegu delegation to the Ava camp. There, Byat Za met King Minkhaung I of Ava, and negotiated a ceasefire with more negotiations to follow.[27] After five months of negotiations at Pegu, the parties agreed to a treaty. Unlike in 1391, the terms favored Ava. Though it lost no territory, Pegu agreed to share the customs revenue of Bassein (Pathein), and supply 30 elephants annually to Ava. In return, Minkhaung sent his only sister Thupaba Dewi to be queen of Razadarit in a marriage alliance.[28][29]

Byat Za was again called into action in 1408 when Razadarit decided to break the treaty. In March of that year,[note 9] Razadarit sent in a force to dislodge Anawrahta, the Ava installed king from Arakan. Ava had been steadily acquiring its neighboring states since 1404 and Razadarit felt that he could not get Ava to get too strong. Byat Za was not part of the Arakan invasion force; he led the defensive operations at home against the certain Ava reprisal.[30] In one rare disagreement between Byat Za and Dein, the two men disagreed about the defensive plans. The king chose Dein's more conservative formation over Byat Za's, and appointed Dein as co-commander.[31]

When Ava's invasion came, Pegu's defenses held, greatly helped by rainy season conditions. When Ava asked for a truce, Razadarit appointed Byat Za to lead the Pegu delegation. Razadarit's orders were to arrange a face-to-face meeting between Razadarit and Minkhaung in which Pegu's security forces would assassinate the Ava king. Though Byat Za went along with the plan, the second meeting never materialized because Byat Za's blunt talking officer Lagun Ein, who was never comfortable with the planned deception, revealed that Pegu was not negotiating in good faith.[32] The negotiations broke down, and Byat Za led the counterattack on the Ava forces, which withdrew in disarray.[33]

When Ava again invaded in the next dry season, Byat Za was again responsible for the overall defensive operations.[34] The counterattack this time was led by Razadarit himself. Five months into the invasion c. May 1410, Razadarit routed Minkhaung's army, capturing several infantry, cavalry and elephants.[35]

Byat Za's last military campaign was in the dry season of 1410–1411. He and Dein successfully defended their respective fortified port cities of Myaungmya and Bassein against Ava land and naval forces led by Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa.[36] The battle of Myaungmya was the last reported battle to have been commanded by Byat Za. His health deteriorated rapidly afterwards, and was no longer able to go to the front in the next two dry season campaigns (1411–1412 and 1412–1413) though he remained in charge of Myaungmya, his fief and home. In early 1413, a severely ill Byat Za managed to travel to the front near Prome. There, Razadarit and Lagun Ein came to see him. Everyone realized the situation, and broke down and wept.[37] Byat Za died three days later.[38] Lagun Ein too fell in action just a few days later. Razadarit was greatly shaken by the deaths of Lagun Ein and Byat Za, and ordered an immediate withdrawal from the Prome front.[39][40]