Byblos Necropolis graffito

The Byblos Necropolis graffito is a Phoenician inscription situated in the Royal necropolis of Byblos.

Diagram of tomb V
Sketch of the graffito (Monochromatic sketch of ancient stone-carved symbols)
Photo of the graffito (Black and white image of ancient stone-carved symbols)
Montet's sketch of the semicircular tomb (the Ahiram sarcophagus is the middle of the three), and the location of the graffito; at the bottom is a sketch and photograph of the graffito.[1]

The graffito of Ahiram's tomb was found on the south wall of the shaft leading to the hypogeum, about three meters from the opening.

The three-line graffito reads, as translated by archaeologist William F. Albright:[2][3]

đ€‹đ€ƒđ€đ€•

ld‘t

đ€‹đ€ƒđ€đ€•

ld‘t

Attention!

đ€„đ€

hn

đ€‰đ€đ€ƒ

ypd

𐀋𐀊

lk

đ€„đ€ đ€‰đ€đ€ƒ 𐀋𐀊

hn ypd lk

Behold, thou shalt come to grieve

𐀕𐀇𐀕

táž„t

đ€†đ€

zn

𐀕𐀇𐀕 đ€†đ€

táž„t zn

below here!

René Dussaud, who found the text, translated it as "Avis, voici ta perte (est) ci-dessous".

The fourth sign of the second line (now considered to be a pē), is not very clear, a bēt seems to have been engraved on top of a qƍp, or vice versa.

Pierre Montet, the archaeologist who excavated the royal necropolis 1922, made the following comment:

Since the graffiti is a little higher than the niches on the east and west walls, it is easy to understand why this notice was engraved here. The beams that rested in the niches supported a floor spanning the width of the shaft. The builders of the tomb did not consider that the king's corpse was sufficiently protected by the paving of the opening and by the wall built at the entrance to the chamber halfway up the well, so they laid a floor of wood which acted as a third obstacle. The looters, who would have removed the paving and started to empty the well, could not have avoided seeing the notice once they reached this floor.[4]

Bibliography

  • Vincent, L. H. (1925). "Les fouilles de Byblos" [The excavations of Byblos]. Revue Biblique (1892-1940) (in French). 34 (2): 161–193. ISSN 1240-3032.

References

  1. Vincent 1925, PLANCHE VIII.
  2. Albright, W.F. (1947). "The Phoenician inscriptions of the tenth century B.C. from Byblus". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 67 (3): 153-160: p. 156. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  3. Donner, Herbert; Rölig, Wolfgang (2002). KanaanĂ€ische und aramĂ€ische Inschriften (5 ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. I, 1.
  4. Montet, Byblos et l'Égypte, p. 217: "Si l’on remarque que le graffite est un peu plus haut que les niches des parois est et ouest, on n’a pas de peine Ă  comprendre pourquoi cet avis a Ă©tĂ© gravĂ© Ă  une telle place. Les poutres qui s’appuyaient dans les niches soutenaient un plancher tenant toutes la largeur du puits. Les constructeurs du tombeau n’ont pas estimĂ© que le cadavre du roi fĂ»t suffisamment protĂ©gĂ© par le dallage de l’orifice et par le mur bĂąti Ă  l’entrĂ©e de la chambre Ă  mi-hauteur du puits, ils ont donc posĂ© un plancher de bois qui constituait un troisiĂšme obstacle. Les pillards qui auraient enlevĂ© le dallage et commencĂ© Ă  vider le puits, n’auraient pu Ă©viter d’apercevoir l’avis une fois parvenus Ă  ce plancher."
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