CORE-OM

CORE-OM[1][2] (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure)[3] is a common self-report measure of global distress. It can be used as an initial screening tool and as an assessment tool of the response to psychological therapy.[4][5][6]

Description

CORE-OM has 34 items all answered on the same five level frequency scale asking about the respondent's state over the last week. It was originally designed and developed in response to a research funding call from the UK Mental Health Foundation which required that the content must cover domains of well-being, problems, functioning and risk. These were seen as content domains, not as cleanly separable latent variables or factors, it was never envisaged that such a broad set of issues would show any neat population structure that would emerge in factor analysis.

Translations

Translations of CORE-OM have been completed into 30 languages and more underway including Korean and Estonian). To be legal under the Creative Commons licence of the CORE instruments translations must be done with CORE System Trust and to their translation protocol. A 2021 paper[7] gives a thorough account of working to the protocol to translate the YP-CORE into Arabic.

There are approved CORE-OM short forms: two 18 item versions launched with the CORE-OM in 1998, the GP-CORE[8] for general population survey work and the CORE-10.[9] In addition the YP-CORE,[10][11][12] a 10 item form for young people has been developed based on the CORE-OM, as have two forms for adults with mild to moderate learning difficulties.[13]

Similar instruments or systems and complementary measures

The CORE system philosophy was that the instruments, and practitioners and researchers should be free to use them as they saw fit: a "bottom up" philosophy rather than one of "top down" usage dictated by politics or health delivery systems. The copyleft status was intended to remove cost barriers to using the instruments while ensuring that they weren't mutated into many non-comparable forms.

When CORE was launched in 1998 it rapidly became clear that there were several similar initiatives including theOutcome Measures work, in which the Outcome Measure-45 Outcome Questionnaire 45 led by Professor Michael Lambert in the USA and, also from the US, the ORS/SRS system led by Scott D. Miller and his colleagues all of which share the idea of a central "core" or issues being evaluated. At the same time it was anticipated that such "core" measures would be complemented, particularly in research work, by problem specific measures, perhaps often too long, or too costly for routine service, e.g. the Beck depression Inventory.

Health Economic (QALY) scoring

Work by Ifigenia Mavranezouli, then at the University of Sheffield focusing on health economic evaluation created the CORE-6D scoring of six items of the CORE-OM that converts their scores to a QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Year) score.[14][15]

Online completion and coronavirus pandemic

Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic CORE System trust have provided free fillable PDF forms, Microsoft Forms, Qualtrics and LimeSurvey templates. An attempt to provide Google Forms was abandoned when it proved impossible to ensure that practitioners copying the forms would follow the instructions carefully enough to ensure that they did not share data at the same time as sharing the forms. The Therapy Meets Numbers resource now offers COREbots as an online completion system.

One survey exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using the CORE-OM as a measure, looking at the impacts on university staff in Porto Alegre in Brazil has been published[16] and further publications are expected from that work and from other work using the CORE-10 in Ecuador and the GP-CORE in Greece.

References
  1. Evans, Chris; Connell, Janice; Barkham, Michael; Margison, Frank; McGrath, Graeme; Mellor-Clark, John; Audin, Kerry (2000). "CORE: Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation". Journal of Mental Health. 9 (3): 247–255. doi:10.1080/jmh.9.3.247.255. ISSN 0963-8237. S2CID 218907490.
  2. Evans, Chris; Connell, Janice; Barkham, Michael; Margison, Frank; McGrath, Graeme; Mellor-Clark, John; Audin, Kerry (2002). "Towards a standardised brief outcome measure: Psychometric properties and utility of the CORE–OM". British Journal of Psychiatry. 180 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.1.51. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 11772852.
  3. Campbell, Megan Michelle (2013). The Adaptation of the 'Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure' (CORE-OM) from English Into a Valid Xhosa Measure of Distress. Rhodes University.
  4. Lindsay, Colin; Greve, Bent; Cabras, Ignazio; Ellison, Nick; Kellett, Stephen (2015). New Perspectives on Health, Disability, Welfare and the Labour Market. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 108–114. ISBN 9781119145516.
  5. "Trust Psychological Therapies Committee" (PDF). South London and Maudsley Trust.
  6. McHugh, R. Kathryn; Barlow, David H. (2012-04-15). Dissemination and Implementation of Evidence-Based Psychological Interventions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199874866.
  7. Yassin, Sulafa; Evans, Chris (2021-06-05). "A journey to improve Arabic‐speaking young peoples' access to psychological assessment tools: It's not just Google translate!" (PDF). Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 22 (2): 396–405. doi:10.1002/capr.12431. S2CID 236224198.
  8. Evans, Chris; Connell, Janice; Audin, Kerry; Sinclair, Alice; Barkham, Michael (May 2005). "Rationale and development of a general population well-being measure: Psychometric status of the GP-CORE in a student sample". British Journal of Guidance & Counselling. 33 (2): 153–173. doi:10.1080/03069880500132581. ISSN 0306-9885. S2CID 146282385.
  9. Barkham, Michael; Bewick, Bridgette; Mullin, Tracy; Gilbody, Simon; Connell, Janice; Cahill, Jane; Mellor-Clark, John; Richards, David; Unsworth, Gisela; Evans, Chris (March 2013). "The CORE-10: A short measure of psychological distress for routine use in the psychological therapies". Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 13 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1080/14733145.2012.729069. ISSN 1473-3145.
  10. Twigg, Elspeth; Barkham, Michael; Bewick, Bridgette M.; Mulhern, Brendan; Connell, Janice; Cooper, Mick (September 2009). "The Young Person's CORE: Development of a brief outcome measure for young people". Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 9 (3): 160–168. doi:10.1080/14733140902979722. ISSN 1473-3145.
  11. Twigg, Elspeth; Cooper, Mick; Evans, Chris; Freire, Elizabeth; Mellor-Clark, John; McInnes, Barry; Barkham, Michael (May 2016). "Acceptability, reliability, referential distributions and sensitivity to change in the Young Person's Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (YP-CORE) outcome measure: replication and refinement" (PDF). Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 21 (2): 115–123. doi:10.1111/camh.12128. PMID 32680371.
  12. "YP-CORE information – CORE and CORE System Trust (CST)". coresystemtrust.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  13. "LD-CORE information – CORE and CORE System Trust (CST)". www.coresystemtrust.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  14. Mavranezouli, Ifigeneia; Brazier, John E.; Young, Tracey A.; Barkham, Michael (2011). "Using Rasch analysis to form plausible health states amenable to valuation: the development of CORE-6D from a measure of common mental health problems (CORE-OM)". Quality of Life Research. 20 (3): 321–333. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9768-4. PMID 20972629. S2CID 6270560. Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 2020-07-30. Alt URL
  15. Mavranezouli, Ifigeneia; Brazier, John E.; Rowen, Donna, Donna; Barkham, Michael (2012). "Estimating a Preference-Based Index from the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM): valuation of CORE-6D". Medical Decision Making. 20 (3): 321–333. doi:10.1177/0272989X12464431. PMC 4107796. PMID 23178639.
  16. Serralta, Fernanda Barcellos; Zibetti, Murilo Ricardo; Evans, Chris (2020). "Psychological Distress of University Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (22): 8520. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228520. PMC 7698515. PMID 33212965.
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