Citrate synthase
The enzyme citrate synthase E.C. 2.3.3.1 (previously 4.1.3.7)] exists in nearly all living cells and stands as a pace-making enzyme in the first step of the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle).[5] Citrate synthase is localized within eukaryotic cells in the mitochondrial matrix, but is encoded by nuclear DNA rather than mitochondrial. It is synthesized using cytoplasmic ribosomes, then transported into the mitochondrial matrix.
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| Aliases | CS, citrate synthase | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 118950 MGI: 88529 HomoloGene: 56073 GeneCards: CS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Citrate synthase is commonly used as a quantitative enzyme marker for the presence of intact mitochondria. Maximal activity of citrate synthase indicates the mitochondrial content of skeletal muscle.[6] The maximal activity can be increased by endurance training or high-intensity interval training,[6] but maximal activity is further increased with high-intensity interval training.[7]
Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation reaction of the two-carbon acetate residue from acetyl coenzyme A and a molecule of four-carbon oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon citrate:[5]
- acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate + H2O → citrate + CoA-SH
Oxaloacetate is regenerated after the completion of one round of the Krebs cycle.
Oxaloacetate is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme. This induces the enzyme to change its conformation, and creates a binding site for the acetyl-CoA. Only when this citryl-CoA has formed will another conformational change cause thioester hydrolysis and release coenzyme A. This ensures that the energy released from the thioester bond cleavage will drive the condensation.
Structure
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The Active Site of Citrate Synthase (closed form)
Citrate synthase's 437 amino acid residues are organized into two main subunits, each consisting of 20 alpha-helices. These alpha helices compose approximately 75% of citrate synthase's tertiary structure, while the remaining residues mainly compose irregular extensions of the structure, save a single beta-sheet of 13 residues. Between these two subunits, a single cleft exists containing the active site. Two binding sites can be found therein: one reserved for citrate or oxaloacetate and the other for Coenzyme A. The active site contains three key residues: His274, His320, and Asp375 that are highly selective in their interactions with substrates.[8] The adjacent images display the tertiary structure of citrate synthase in its opened and closed form. The enzyme changes from opened to closed with the addition of one of its substrates (such as oxaloacetate).[9]
Function
| Citrate (Si)-synthase | |||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 2.3.3.1 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9027-96-7 | ||||||||
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| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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Mechanism
Citrate synthase has three key amino acids in its active site (known as the catalytic triad) which catalyze the conversion of acetyl-CoA [H3CC(=O)−SCoA] and oxaloacetate [−O2CCH2C(=O)CO2−] into citrate [−O2CCH2C(OH)(CO2−)CH2CO2−] and H−SCoA in an aldol condensation reaction. The citrate product is said to be prochiral.[10] This conversion begins with the negatively charged carboxylate side chain oxygen atom of Asp-375 deprotonating acetyl CoA's alpha carbon atom to form an enolate anion which in turn is neutralized by protonation by His-274 to form an enol intermediate [H2C=C(OH)−SCoA]. At this point, the epsilon nitrogen lone pair of electrons on His-274 formed in the last step abstracts the hydroxyl enol proton to reform an enolate anion that initiates a nucleophilic attack on the oxaloacetate's carbonyl carbon [−O2CCH2C(=O)CO2−] which in turn deprotonate the epsilon nitrogen atom of His-320. This nucleophilic addition results in the formation of citroyl−CoA [−O2CCH2CH(CO2−)CH2C(=O)−SCoA]. At this point, a water molecule is deprotonated by the epsilon nitrogen atom of His-320 and hydrolysis is initiated. One of the oxygen's lone pairs nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl carbon of citroyl−CoA. This forms a tetrahedral intermediate and results in the ejection of −SCoA as the carbonyl reforms. The −SCoA is protonated to form HSCoA. Finally, the hydroxyl added to the carbonyl in the previous step is deprotonated and citrate [−O2CCH2C(OH)(CO2−)CH2CO2−] is formed.[11]
Inhibition
The enzyme is inhibited by high ratios of ATP:ADP and NADH:NAD, as high concentrations of ATP and NADH show that the energy supply is high for the cell. It is also inhibited by succinyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA, which resembles Acetyl-coA and acts as a competitive inhibitor to acetyl-CoA and a noncompetitive inhibitor to oxaloacetate.[12] Citrate inhibits the reaction and is an example of product inhibition. The inhibition of citrate synthase by acetyl-CoA analogues has also been well documented and has been used to prove the existence of a single active site. These experiments have revealed that this single site alternates between two forms, which participate in ligase and hydrolase activity respectively.[9] This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.[13]
References
- GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000062485 - Ensembl, May 2017
- GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005683 - Ensembl, May 2017
- "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Wiegand G, Remington SJ (1986). "Citrate synthase: structure, control, and mechanism". Annual Review of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry. 15: 97–117. doi:10.1146/annurev.bb.15.060186.000525. PMID 3013232.
- Gillen JB, Martin BJ, MacInnis MJ, Skelly LE, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ (2016). "Twelve Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Improves Indices of Cardiometabolic Health Similar to Traditional Endurance Training despite a Five-Fold Lower Exercise Volume and Time Commitment". PLOS One. 11 (4): e0154075. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1154075G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154075. PMC 4846072. PMID 27115137.
- MacInnis MJ, Zacharewicz E, Martin BJ, Haikalis ME, Skelly LE, Tarnopolsky MA, Murphy RM, Gibala MJ (2017). "Superior mitochondrial adaptations in human skeletal muscle after interval compared to continuous single-leg cycling matched for total work". The Journal of Physiology. 595 (9): 2955–2968. doi:10.1113/JP272570. PMC 5407978. PMID 27396440.
- Goodsell DS (1 September 2007). "Citrate Synthase". Molecule of the Month. RCSB Protein Data Bank. doi:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2007_9.; PDB: 1CSC, 5CSC, 5CTS
- Bayer E, Bauer B, Eggerer H (Nov 1981). "Evidence from inhibitor studies for conformational changes of citrate synthase". European Journal of Biochemistry. 120 (1): 155–60. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05683.x. PMID 7308213.
- Hölsch K, Weuster-Botz D (August 2010). "Enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones by engineered bifunctional fusion proteins". Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 56 (4): 131–140. doi:10.1042/BA20100143. PMID 20590527.
- Cox DL, Nelson MM (2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 608−9. ISBN 978-0-7167-4339-2.
- Smith CM, Williamson JR (October 1971). "Inhibition of citrate synthase by succinyl-CoA and other metabolites". FEBS Letters. 18 (1): 35–38. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(71)80400-3. PMID 11946076. S2CID 43002983.
- Selwood T, Jaffe EK (Mar 2012). "Dynamic dissociating homo-oligomers and the control of protein function". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 519 (2): 131–43. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.020. PMC 3298769. PMID 22182754.
External links
- Citrate+synthase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Citrate synthase, mitochondrial