Canine physical therapy

Physical therapy for canines adapts human physical therapy techniques to increase function and mobility of joints and muscles in animals. Animal rehabilitation can reduce pain and enhance recovery from injury, surgery, degenerative diseases, age-related diseases, and obesity.[1]

Canine physical therapy
Hydrotherapy is one of the many physical therapy techniques used at animal physical therapy practices. Above, a veterinary technician assists a dog to swim.
Other namesCanine rehabilitation

The goal of physical therapy for animals is to improve quality of life and decrease pain. Although most veterinary practices offering physical therapy are geared toward canines, techniques used in this discipline can also be applied to horses, cats, birds, rabbits, rodents and other small animals.[2]

Education

Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation is an AVMA boarded specialty through the American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation. Diplomates (Specialists)of this college advance the art and science of veterinary medicine by promoting expertise in the structural, physiological, medical and surgical needs of athletic animals and the restoration of normal form and function after injury or illness. These specialists have special training and educational requirements above and beyond a veterinary degree and are identified as Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation ( DACVSMR).[3]

Canine rehabilitation is also practiced by general veterinarians and physical therapists with specialized training. If your pet is being treated by a physical therapist, in some states, the pet must have a diagnosis, veterinary medical clearance (VMC), and, sometimes, referral by a veterinarian to start a physical therapy regimen. The certified canine rehabilitation practitioner (CCRP) is one designation for veterinarians, veterinary technicians, physical therapists, or physical therapist assistants who perform physical rehabilitation and is offered through Northeast Seminars with affiliation with the University of Tennessee outreach program. A certified canine rehabilitation therapist (CCRT) certification is available through the Canine Rehabilitation Institute in Florida and Colorado—affiliated with Colorado State University. Other more extensive and individualized training and online offerings are available as well.

Techniques

In an animal physical therapy practice, a CCRT or CCRP usually confers with the diagnosing veterinarian on the cause and severity of an animal's condition to develop a specialized therapy plan on a client by client basis. Each technique used in animal physical therapy has different benefits and not all techniques are useful for each condition. Physical therapy for orthopedic conditions can include any combination of the following techniques: thermotherapy, cryotherapy, hydrotherapy, muscle building exercises electrical stimulation and coordination exercises.[4] Neurological conditions generally benefit the most from balance and coordination building exercises, muscle building exercises, electrical stimulation and hydrotherapy. Surgical repairs and traumatic injuries are generally treated with heat therapy, cryotherapy, massage, electrical stimulation, and hydrotherapy.[5]

Massage
Main article: Canine massage

Massage is used in animal physical therapy to relieve tension in muscles and stimulate muscle development. Massage helps speed up recovery from injuries and surgery by increasing blood flow to the area and relieving muscle spasms. Massage is used widely in canine physical therapy and can be helpful in improving the comfort of animals affected by nearly all medical conditions.[6] Massage is one of the main technics to treat myofascial pain [7]

Thermo and cryotherapy

Thermotherapy is generally used in animal physical therapy before strength building exercises and hydrotherapy. Heat packs are applied to the affected area to increase range of motion, decrease stiffness in joints and increase blood flow. This helps to make the animal more comfortable in the application of other physical therapy techniques. Deep heating of the muscle by laser therapy is often used to stimulate healing of surface wounds and relieve pain and discomfort of constricted and sore muscles. Cryotherapy is often used after an intensive physical therapy session to decrease discomfort caused by inflammation of the muscle.[8]

Passive range of motion

Passive range of motion (PROM) is accomplished through flexion and extension of the joint to its limits. It is important for the physical therapist not to stretch the joint past its normal limits. PROM is used to encourage animals to use the full range of motion of the joints. This therapy technique can significantly increase an animal's range of motion and decrease joint pain, improving its quality of life.[9][10][11]

Balance Exercises

Balance exercises make use of equipment designed to strengthen weak muscles and build up limbs affected by atrophy. These exercises include balancing on physio-balls, wobble boards and balance boards. Balance exercises can be useful in animals recovering from surgery. The animal is forced to place weight on the surgical repair, building muscle in the affected area. These exercises can also be helpful for animals with neurological conditions. For example, an animal recovering from a stroke has decreased coordination and balance which can be improved through a physical therapy regime that includes balance exercises.[12]

Coordination exercises

Coordination exercises help improve an animal's awareness of its surroundings. Such exercises include cavalettis, weaves, and figure eights. Cavaletti is an exercise that gives an animal obstacles to walk over. This exercise makes the animal focus on where each foot is being placed and builds coordination. Weaves and figure eights help to build coordination and strength by forcing the animal to shift its weight quickly from one side to the other as it turns.

Hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy techniques use water as a tool to improve muscle and joint function in animals. These techniques include but are not limited to swimming and underwater treadmill. Swimming allows an animal to work several muscles at once while stretching further than walking on land would allow. This helps to build muscle and endurance and is a technique that minimizes stress on the joints. Underwater treadmill is used commonly in animal physical therapy. It provides the benefits of land exercises while decreasing the weight placed on the animal’s limbs. Underwater treadmill and swimming can be very useful in dogs recovering from surgery, such as anterior cruciate ligament and cranial cruciate ligament repairs and break repairs.[13][14]

Electrical Stimulation

Electrical stimulation techniques uses electrical currents to either stimulate muscles or to combat pain. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is often used to help improve muscle strength, and/or motor recruitment. Trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can be used to help relieve the pain that the animal may be experiencing. These techniques are used along with the other techniques listed above.[15]

History

The benefits of physical therapy for animals have been widely accepted in the veterinary community for many years.[16][17][18] However, clinical practice of physical therapy for animals is a relatively new field in the U.S. In Europe, equine and canine physical therapy have been widely recommended and used for at least the last fifteen years. In the last three to five years, the veterinary community in the U.S. has seen a large growth in physical therapy practices for animals, making it a more available resource for practicing veterinarians. This growth in the availability of canine physical therapy is forcing a change in focus in many veterinary practices from curative and palliative care to preventive care. An example of this is the push for the use of animal physical therapy for weight reduction in obese animals. Weight reduction can reduce the risk of developing many degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis and DJD.[19][20]

See also

Myofascial Pain in Dogs [21]

References
  1. Hellyer P, Rodan I, Brunt J, Downing R, Hagedorn J, Robertson S. 2007. AAHA/AAFP Pain Management guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 43:235-248.
  2. Rivera PL. 2007. Canine Rehabilitation Therapies I and II. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Western Veterinary Conference; 2007 Feb 18-22; Las Vegas. 11p.
  3. http://vsmr.org/
  4. Hanks J, Levine D, Bockstahler B. Physical Agent Modalities in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2015;45(1):29-44.
  5. Rivera PL. 2007. Canine Rehabilitation Therapies I and II. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Western Veterinary Conference; 2007 Feb 18-22; Las Vegas. 11p.
  6. Rivera PL. 2007. Canine Rehabilitation Therapies I and II. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Western Veterinary Conference; 2007 Feb 18-22; Las Vegas. 11p.
  7. Formenton, Maira Rezende; Portier, Karine; Gaspar, Beatriz Ribeiro; Gauthier, Lisa; Yeng, Lin Tchia; Fantoni, Denise Tabacchi (2023). "Location of Trigger Points in a Group of Police Working Dogs: A Preliminary Study". Animals. 13 (18): 2836. doi:10.3390/ani13182836. PMC 10526025. PMID 37760236.
  8. Rivera PL. 2007. Canine Rehabilitation Therapies I and II. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Western Veterinary Conference; 2007 Feb 18-22; Las Vegas. 11p.
  9. Crook T, McGowan C, Pead M. 2007. Effect of passive stretching on the range of motion of osteoarthritic joints in 10 Labrador retrievers. Vet Rec. 160(16):545-547.
  10. Rivera PL. 2007. Canine Rehabilitation Therapies I and II. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Western Veterinary Conference; 2007 Feb 18-22; Las Vegas. 11p.
  11. Marcellin-Little, DJ; Levine, D (2014). "Principles and Application of Range of Motion and Stretching in Companion Animals". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 45 (1): 57–72. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.09.004. PMID 25440753.
  12. Rivera PL. 2007. Canine Rehabilitation Therapies I and II. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Western Veterinary Conference; 2007 Feb 18-22; Las Vegas. 11p.
  13. Jurek C, McCauley L. [Updated 2010]. Underwater treadmill therapy in veterinary practice: Benefits and considerations. DVM 360. Available from: http://veterinarymedicine.dvm360.com/vetmed/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/591380.
  14. Rivera PL. 2007. Canine Rehabilitation Therapies I and II. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Western Veterinary Conference; 2007 Feb 18-22; Las Vegas. 11p.
  15. Mills D, Levine D. Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, 2e 2013. p342-53
  16. Dycus D, Levine D, Marcellin-Little DL. Physical Rehabilitation for the Management of Canine Hip Dysplasia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2017;47(4):823-850.
  17. Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D, Canapp SO: The Canine Shoulder: Selected Disorders and Their Management with Physical Therapy. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2007;22:171-182.
  18. Marcellin-Little DJ, Drum MG, Levine D, McDonald SS. Orthoses and Exoprostheses for Companion Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2015;45(1):167-183.
  19. Mlacnik E, Bockstahler B, Muller M, Tetrick M, Nap R, Zentek J. 2006. Effects of caloric restriction and a moderate or intense physiotherapy program for treatment of lameness in overweight dogs with osteoarthritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 229(11):1756-1760.
  20. Rivera PL. 2007. Canine Rehabilitation Therapies I and II. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Western Veterinary Conference; 2007 Feb 18-22; Las Vegas. 11p.
  21. Formenton, Maira Rezende; Portier, Karine; Gaspar, Beatriz Ribeiro; Gauthier, Lisa; Yeng, Lin Tchia; Fantoni, Denise Tabacchi (2023). "Location of Trigger Points in a Group of Police Working Dogs: A Preliminary Study". Animals. 13 (18): 2836. doi:10.3390/ani13182836. PMC 10526025. PMID 37760236.
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