Shogi variant

A shogi variant is a game related to or derived from shogi (Japanese chess). Many shogi variants have been developed over the centuries, ranging from some of the largest chess-type games ever played to some of the smallest. A few of these variants are still regularly played, though none are as popular as shogi itself.

The drop rule, often considered the most notable feature of shogi, is absent from most shogi variants, which therefore play more like other forms of chess, with the board becoming less crowded as pieces are exchanged. This is especially true for variants larger than shogi itself − in fact, the largest well-known variant that features the drop rule is the 11×11 game wa shogi.

Predecessors of modern shogi

Some form of chess had almost certainly reached Japan by the 9th century, if not earlier, but the earliest surviving Japanese description of the rules of chess dates from the early 12th century, during the Heian period. Unfortunately, this description does not give enough information to play the game, but this has not stopped people from trying to reconstruct this early form of shogi, which is usually referred to as Heian shogi (平安将棋). Piece movements were as in modern shogi, but there was no rook or bishop. The board appears to have been either 9×8 or 8×8. The setup is unknown, but can reasonably be assumed to have been the same as in modern shogi (minus the rook and bishop, and minus a gold general in the 8×8 case), but possibly the pawns started on the second rank rather than the third. It can safely be assumed that the game was played without drops, since the weak pieces promote strictly to gold, instead of just moving like gold.

By the 16th century the game had taken a form closer to the modern game: it was played on a 9×9 board with the same setup as in modern shogi except that an extra piece (an elephant) stood in front of the king. This form of the game is known as sho shogi (小将棋), which means "small shogi". (While 9×9 may not seem small, despite the name, it was smaller than the other shogi variants prevalent at the time.) The elephant was eliminated by the Emperor Go-Nara (reign 1526–1557), and it is assumed that the drop rule was introduced at about the same time, giving rise to shogi as we know it today.

Historical variants

There are a number of shogi variants played on boards larger than 9×9. These variants are all quite old, and were possibly all played without drops. Michael C. Vanier says, "It is thought that the really huge games (dai dai and up) were never really played to any significant extent [...] and were devised merely so that the creators could have the fun of inventing enormous games, amazing their friends and confounding their enemies. However, the games up to tenjiku shogi at least appear to be quite playable, assuming one has the time."[1]

The same 12th-century document which describes the Heian form of shogi also describes a variant played on a 13×13 board, which is now called Heian dai shogi (平安大将棋). As with the smaller Heian shogi, the rules for this game have not been completely preserved.

The most popular large-board variant is chu shogi (中将棋), played on a 12×12 board. The name means medium shogi, and the game is sometimes so called (or called middle shogi) in English. Chu shogi has existed since at least the 14th century; there are earlier references, but it is not clear that they refer to the game as we now know it. Chu shogi is best known for a piece called the lion, which moves like a king but twice per turn. The game was still commonly played in Japan in the early 20th century, but has now largely died out. It has, however, gained some adherents in the West. The main reference work in English is the Middle Shogi Manual by George Hodges.

Other large medieval shogi variants were wa shogi (11×11, sometimes played with drops), dai shogi (大将棋, "great shogi", 15×15), tenjiku shogi (天竺将棋, literally "Indian shogi", but meant "exotic shogi", 16×16), dai dai shogi (大大将棋, "great great shogi", 17×17), maka dai dai shogi (摩訶大大将棋, "ultra great great shogi", 19×19) and tai shogi (泰将棋, "grand shogi", 25×25). These variants date back at least to the 17th century. Tai shogi was thought to be the world's largest chess variant, but recently records of an even larger variant, taikyoku shogi (大局将棋, "ultimate shogi", 36×36), was discovered. However, there is no evidence that any of them were commonly played apart from dai shogi. While a few sets for dai dai shogi, maka dai dai shogi, and tai shogi are known to have been made, they appear to have been intended as display pieces and not for actual playing. Furthermore, the sources for the rules of almost all the larger variants tend to disagree with each other on many particular issues, even including the very moves of the pieces, such that only for chu shogi and dai shogi is it well-known what the historical rules were, and some small lacunae still arise in the latter with rare situations.

NameBoard sizePieces eachPiece typesDifferent movesWhen inventedFirst mentionedNotes
Sho shogi9×9211010Kamakura periodAncestor of modern shogi.
Shogi9×9209916th centuryIntroduced piece drops
Heian shogi8×8 or 9×8 or 9x916 or 1866~1120 or before;
Heian period
An early form of shogi.
Wa shogi11×1127172217th century; Edo period1694
Shōgi Zushiki
All pieces are named after animals. Occasionally played.
Chu shogi12×12462128Early 14th century?; Muromachi period1350
Yūgaku ōrai
Smaller version of dai shogi with fewer pieces (eliminating the least powerful ones) and different start setup. The most popular of the large variants.
Heian dai shogi13×13341314Heian period1230
Nichūreki
Dai shogi15×15652936~1230; Kamakura period1300
Futsū Shōdōshū
Tenjiku shogi16×1676364315th or 16th century; Muromachi period1694
Shōgi Zushiki
Enlarged version of chu shogi with more pieces (adding even more powerful ones) and different start setup. One of the relatively more popular large variants.
Dai dai shogi17×1796646815th century; Muromachi period1443
Shōgi Rokushu no Zushiki
Maka dai dai shogi19×1996507615th century; Muromachi period1443
Shōgi Rokushu no Zushiki
Occasionally played, though with altered rules.
Tai shogi25×251779310115th century; Muromachi period1443
Shōgi Rokushu no Zushiki
Taikyoku shogi36×36402208300Edo period1694
Shōgi Zushiki

Of the historical large-board variants, only wa (11×11), chu (12×12), tenjiku (16×16), and maka dai dai shogi (19×19) have gained a limited following today. There is a society for chu shogi in Japan, as well as some efforts to revive maka dai dai shogi, though both efforts have changed the rules slightly from the historical ones – more significantly for maka dai dai shogi, unlike for chu shogi whose former popularity still lies within living memory. Tenjiku shogi gained some Western following around the turn of the millennium, although not with the historical rules.

Development of Shogi Variants
Heian Shogi
平安将棋
Heian dai shogi
平安大将棋
Dai Shogi
大将棋
Chu Shogi
中将棋
Dai dai shogi
大大将棋
Tenjiku Shogi
天竺大将棋
Wa Shogi
和将棋
Sho Shogi
小将棋
Maka Dai Dai Shogi
摩訶大大将棋
Shogi
将棋
Tai Shogi
泰将棋
Taikyoku Shogi
大局将棋

Modern variants

These are some of the new and old shogi variants which have been invented. Time will show which if any of the many recently invented variants stand the test of usage and competition from other games, and stay in use.

Small variants

NameBoard sizePieces eachWhen inventedInvented byNotes
9 grid shogi[2]3×3Various2016Teruichi AonoUses 40 different piece combinations and start positions. The first and last rank are the promotion zones. All other rules are the same as the traditional shogi. Designed to teach shogi. Its name in Japanese is 9マス将棋 kyu-masu shogi.
Dobutsu shogi3×44Madoka KitaoChildren's game.[3] Also sold as "Let's Catch the Lion!"
Micro shogi4×55Modern, but before 1982Ōyama Yasuharu?Pieces alternate between promoted and demoted state after each capturing move.
Mini shogi5×56~1970Shigenobu KusumotoHe may have rediscovered it instead of inventing it. Comparatively popular.
Kyoto shogi5×55~1976Tamiya KatsuyaPieces alternate between promoted and demoted state after each time they are moved.
Goro goro shogi5×68Each player's promotion zone consists of the two farthest ranks from the player. There are also no long-range pieces such as rooks and bishops, although there is a variant where each player has a knight and a lance.[4]
Judkins shogi6×67Before April 1998Paul Judkins of Norwich, England
Whale shogi6×6121981R. Wayne Schmittberger of USAAll pieces named after cetaceans.
Tori shogi7×716Late 18th centuryToyota GenryuAll pieces named after birds. Uses the drop rule. One of the more popular shogi variants.
Yari shogi7×9141981Christian Freeling, NetherlandsExcept for the general (king) and the pawn, all pieces have a strong emphasis on their vertical movement, like that of the shogi lance.
EuroShogi8×816After 2000Vladimír PribylinecPieces are two colored cubes with chess symbols. A rotation of the man promotes the unit or changes its colour.

Standard-size variants

NameBoard SizePieces eachWhen inventedInvented byNotes
Eight-directional knight shogi9×920Early 20th centuryUnknownShogi with knight that can jump in all eight directions (八方桂). When it promotes, it gains additional power of gold general.
Cannon shogi9×920February 1998Peter MichaelsenShogi plus xiangqi-type and Janggi-type cannons.
Hasami shogi9×99 or 18Like ludus latrunculorum. Not much like shogi.
Hand shogi9×919 piecesEarly 1997John William Brown, Lewisville, ArizonaStarts with 10 pieces each side in hand.[5]
Annan shogi9×920A Korean variation of standard shogi where pieces gain the powers of the pieces behind them. Popular in Japan.
Unashogi9×9201994Edward JackmanStarts with all pieces in hand.
Masonic shogi9×9201987George R. Dekle, Sr.Ranks indented like brickwork, adapted moves; otherwise like shogi.
Hexshogi85 cells201986George R. Dekle, Sr.Hexagonal cells, adapted moves; otherwise like shogi.
Trishogi9×10201987George R. Dekle, Sr.Triangular cells, adapted moves; otherwise same as shogi.

Large variants

NameBoard sizePieces eachPiece typesDifferent movesWhen inventedInvented by
Okisaki shogi10×1022911~1996Masayuki Nakayachi
Great whale shogi11×112817[lower-alpha 1]281981 R. Wayne Schmittberger
Ko shogi19×19903453Late 17th century; Edo periodOgyū Sorai (attributed) Based partly on xiangqi and projectile weapons.

The most recent traditional large board variant is ko shogi (廣将棋 or 廣象棋 "wide shogi", 19×19), which is played on a go board and incorporates elements of Chinese chess. Ko shogi is unusual for the interdependence of its pieces and the complex rules of promotion, but likewise there is no evidence that it was ever played.

Multiplayer variants

NameBoard sizePieces eachWhen inventedInvented byNotes
Sannin shogi7×7×7 hexagonal18~1930Tanigasaki JisukeFor three players
Yonin shogi9×991993Ota MitsuyasuFor four players

One-dimensional variants

Name Board size Pieces each When invented Invented by Notes
Ito shogi 1×31 7 2007, updated 2022 Jonathan Rutherford Two-dimensional moves translated to a one-dimensional board[6]

Three-dimensional variants

NameBoard sizePieces eachWhen inventedInvented byNotes
Space shogi9×9×9201987George R. Dekle, Sr.Orthodox shogi in a 3D gamespace

References

Notes

  1. 27 when including calves that move identically but promote differently
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