Pachelbel's Canon

Pachelbel's Canon (also known as the Canon in D, P 37) is an accompanied canon by the German Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel. The canon was originally scored for three violins and basso continuo and paired with a gigue, known as Canon and Gigue for 3 violins and basso continuo. Both movements are in the key of D major. Although a true canon at the unison in three parts, it also has elements of a chaconne. Neither the date nor the circumstances of its composition are known (suggested dates range from 1680 to 1706), and the oldest surviving manuscript copy of the piece dates from 1838 to 1842.[1]

First page of manuscript 16481-8 at Berlin State Library—oldest surviving copy of Pachelbel's "Canon and Gigue in D major"

Like his other works, Pachelbel's Canon went out of style, and remained in obscurity for centuries. A 1968 arrangement and recording of it by the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra gained popularity over the next decade, and in the 1970s the piece began to be recorded by many ensembles; by the early 1980s its presence as background music was deemed inescapable.[2] From the 1970s onward, elements of the piece, especially its chord progression, were used in a variety of pop songs. Since the 1980s, it has also found increasingly common use in weddings and funeral ceremonies in the Western world.[3][4]

Creation

In his lifetime, Pachelbel was renowned for his organ and other keyboard music, whereas today he is also recognized as an important composer of church and chamber music.[5] Little of his chamber music survives, however. Only Musikalische Ergötzung—a collection of partitas published during Pachelbel's lifetime—is known, apart from a few isolated pieces in manuscripts. The Canon and Gigue in D major is one such piece. A single 19th-century manuscript copy of them survives, Mus.MS 16481/8 in the Berlin State Library. It contains two more chamber suites. Another copy, previously in Hochschule der Künste in Berlin, is now lost.[6]

The circumstances of the piece's composition are wholly unknown. Hans-Joachim Schulze, writing in 1985, suggested that the piece may have been composed for Johann Christoph Bach's wedding, on 23 October 1694, which Pachelbel attended. Johann Ambrosius Bach, Pachelbel, and other friends and family provided music for the occasion.[7] Johann Christoph Bach, the oldest brother of Johann Sebastian Bach, was a pupil of Pachelbel. Another scholar, Charles E. Brewer, investigated a variety of possible connections between Pachelbel's and Heinrich Biber's published chamber music. His research indicated that the Canon may have been composed in response to a chaconne with canonic elements which Biber published as part of Partia III of Harmonia artificioso-ariosa. That would indicate that Pachelbel's piece cannot be dated earlier than 1696, the year of publication of Biber's collection.[8] Other dates of the Canon's composition are occasionally suggested, for example, as early as 1680.[9]

Rediscovery and rise to fame

The canon (without the accompanying gigue) was first published in 1919 by scholar Gustav Beckmann, who included the score in his article on Pachelbel's chamber music.[10] His research was inspired and supported by early music scholar and editor Max Seiffert, who in 1929 published his arrangement of the "Canon and Gigue" in his Organum series.[11] However, that edition contained numerous articulation marks and dynamics not in the original score. Furthermore, Seiffert provided tempi he considered right for the piece, but that were not supported by later research.[12] The canon was first recorded in 1940 by Arthur Fiedler.[13]

In 1968, the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra made a recording of the piece that would change its fortunes significantly.[2] This rendition was done in a more Romantic style, at a significantly slower tempo than it had been played at before, and contained obbligato parts, written by Paillard.[2] The Paillard recording was released in June in France by Erato Records as part of an LP record that also included the Trumpet Concerto by Johann Friedrich Fasch and other works by Pachelbel and Fasch, all played by the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra. Paillard's interpretation of the canon was also included on a widely distributed album by the mail-order label Musical Heritage Society in 1968.

In July 1968, Greek band Aphrodite's Child released the single "Rain and Tears", which was a baroque-rock adaptation of Pachelbel's Canon.[14] The band was based in France at the time, although it is unknown whether they had heard the Paillard recording, or were inspired by it. "Rain and Tears" was a success, reaching number 1 on the pop charts of various European countries. Several months later, in October 1968, Spanish band Pop-Tops released the single "Oh Lord, Why Lord", which again was based on Pachelbel's Canon.[15] Again, it is unknown whether they were aware of or had been inspired by the releases from earlier that year. "Oh Lord, Why Lord" was covered by American band Parliament on their 1970 album Osmium.

In 1970, a classical radio station in San Francisco played the Paillard recording and became inundated by listener requests. The piece gained growing fame, particularly in California.[16] In 1974, London Records, aware of the interest in the piece, reissued a 1961 album of the Corelli Christmas Concerto performed by the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra, which happened to contain the piece, now re-titled to Pachelbel Kanon: the Record That Made it Famous and other Baroque Favorites.[16] The album was the highest-selling classical album of 1976.[17] Its success led to many other record labels issuing their own recordings of the work, many of which also sold well.[16]

In 1977, the RCA Red Seal label reissued the original Erato album in the United States and elsewhere. In the U.S. it was the 6th-highest-selling classical album of 1977. (Two other albums containing Pachelbel's Canon charted for the year: the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra album at number 17, and another album featuring the Paillard recording, Go For Baroque!, at number 13.)[18] The Paillard arrangement of the piece was then featured prominently in the soundtrack of the 1980 film Ordinary People.[2] The Erato/RCA album kept climbing the Billboard Classical Albums chart, and in January 1982 it reached the number 1 position,[2] where it remained until May 1982, when it was knocked out of first place by an album featuring Pachelbel's Canon played by the Academy of Ancient Music directed by Christopher Hogwood.[19] The canon was selected for the soundtrack of Carl Sagan's popular 1980 American PBS television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, and the astronomer cited this work as one of his Desert Island Discs on the BBC on 18 July 1981.[20] In 1981 The Music of Cosmos, an album by RCA Records, and in 2000 a CD by the Cosmos Studios label of the soundtrack were published, that feature an arrangement of the canon by Glenn Spreen and James Galway.[21][22]

In 1982, pianist George Winston included his "Variations on the Kanon by Johann Pachelbel" on his solo piano album December, which has sold over three million copies.[23]

Analysis

Canon
\paper { paper-width = 220\mm tagline = ##f } \layout { \context { \Staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing = #'(( 0 0 0 0)) } \context { \ChordNames \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = 0 } \context { \Lyrics \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.basic-distance = 0 } } global = { \key d \major \time 4/4 } bn = \once \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = ##(#t #t #t) blu = { \override NoteHead.color = #blue \override Stem.color = #blue \override Beam.color = #blue } grn = { \override NoteHead.color = #darkgreen \override Stem.color = #darkgreen \override Beam.color = #darkgreen } mag = { \override NoteHead.color = #darkmagenta \override Stem.color = #darkmagenta \override Beam.color = #darkmagenta } red = { \override NoteHead.color = #red \override Stem.color = #red \override Beam.color = #red \override Script.color = #red } canonA = { \blu fis4 e d cis | b a b cis | } canonB = { \grn d cis b a | g fis g e | } canonC = { \mag d8 fis a g fis d fis e | d b d a' g b a g | } ViolinI = \relative c'' { \global \set Staff.midiPanPosition = -1 \set midiInstrument = "violin" \set Staff.instrumentName = "Violin I" R1*2 | \bn \canonA \canonB \bn \canonC \red fis8 d e cis' d fis a a, \bn | b g a fis d [d' d8.\trill cis16] | } ViolinII = \relative c'' { \global \set Staff.midiPanPosition = -0.5 \set midiInstrument = "violin" \set Staff.instrumentName = "Violin II" R1*4 | \canonA \canonB \canonC } ViolinIII = \relative c'' { \global \set Staff.midiPanPosition = 0.5 \set midiInstrument = "violin" \set Staff.instrumentName = "Violin III" R1*6 | \canonA \canonB } kords = \chordmode { \set ChordNames.midiInstrument = "acoustic guitar (steel)" d,4 a, b,:min fis,:min | g, d, g, a, | \set noChordSymbol = "(...)" r4 } Cello = \relative c { \global \clef bass \set Staff.midiPanPosition = 1 \set midiInstrument = "cello" \set Staff.instrumentName = "Cello" \repeat unfold 5 { d4 a b fis | g d g a | } } \score { << \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #2/3 } \ViolinI \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #2/3 } \ViolinII \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #2/3 } \ViolinIII \new ChordNames \kords \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #2/3 } \Cello \new Lyrics \lyricmode { I V vi iii IV I IV V (...) } >> \layout { \context ChordNames { \override ChordName #'font-size = -1 } \context Lyrics { \override LyricText #'font-size = -1 } } } \score { << \ViolinI \\ \ViolinII \\ \ViolinIII \\ \kords \\ \Cello >> \midi { \tempo 4 = 56 \context { \Score midiChannelMapping = #'instrument } \context { \Staff \remove "Staff_performer" } \context { \Voice \consists "Staff_performer" } } }
First 10 bars; colors highlight four of a total of 28 variations.

The canon is in three voices, two measures apart, over a repeating (ostinato) bass, which provides a harmonic basis for the piece, implying a series of eight chords:

Chord progression of the Canon
No.ChordScale degreeRoman
numeral
1 D majortonicI
2 A majordominantV
3 B minorsubmediantvi
4 F♯ minormediantiii
5 G majorsubdominantIV
6 D majortonicI
7 G majorsubdominantIV
8 A majordominantV

The eight chords of this progression follow a sequential pattern known as the Romanesca. This progression has been identified as a common seventeenth- and eighteenth-century schema by Robert Gjerdingen.[24]

In Germany, Italy and France of the 17th century, some pieces built on an ostinato bass were called chaconnes or passacaglias; such works sometimes incorporate some form of variation in the upper voices. While some writers consider each of the 28 statements of the ground bass a separate variation,[5] one scholar finds that Pachelbel's canon is constructed of just 12 variations, mostly four bars in length, and describes them as follows:[25]

  1. (bars 03–06) quarter notes
  2. (bars 07–10) eighth notes
  3. (bars 11–14) sixteenth notes
  4. (bars 15–18) leaping quarter notes, rest
  5. (bars 19–22) thirty-second-note pattern on scalar melody
  6. (bars 23–26) staccato, eighth notes and rests
  7. (bars 27–30) sixteenth-note extensions of melody with upper neighbor notes
  8. (bars 31–38) repetitive sixteenth-note patterns
  9. (bars 39–42) dotted rhythms
  10. (bars 43–46) dotted rhythms and sixteenth-note patterns on upper neighbor notes
  11. (bars 47–50) syncopated quarter- and eighth-note rhythm
  12. (bars 51–56) eighth-note octave leaps

Pachelbel's canon thus merges a strict polyphonic form (the canon) and a variation form (the chaconne). Pachelbel skillfully constructs the variations to make them "both pleasing and subtly undetectable."[25]

Gigue

The gigue is set in 12
8 time and consists of 2 equal sections of 10 bars each. Unlike the canon, the gigue neither has a repeating bass voice nor a set chord progression. The gigue exhibits fugal writing, with each section introducing a brief melodic statement which is then imitated in the other voices.

Parodies

In its August 17, 1981, issue the magazine The New Yorker published a cartoon by Mick Stevens captioned "Prisoner of Pachelbel,"[26] in which a prisoner hears over the loudspeaker: "For your listening pleasure, we once again present Pachelbel's Canon."[2]

The 1991 musical parody album WTWP Classical Talkity-Talk Radio by P. D. Q. Bach is set at a fictional radio station whose call letters stand for "Wall-To-Wall Pachelbel".[2]

In 2017, BBC Radio 4 sketch show John Finnemore's Souvenir Programme featured a sketch entitled "One Hit Wonder" in which Pachelbel is annoyed by the fact the only thing people know him for is his Canon. The same episode features a parody called "Loose Canon" in which Pachelbel sings about his frustrations to the tune of the Canon.[27]

Several months after the Paillard recording was released, two groups released successful singles with a backing track based on Pachelbel's Canon: Greek band Aphrodite's Child with "Rain and Tears"[14] and Spanish group Pop-Tops with "Oh Lord, Why Lord".[15]

In 2002, pop music producer Pete Waterman described Canon in D as "almost the godfather of pop music because we've all used that in our own ways for the past 30 years". He also said that Kylie Minogue's 1988 UK number one hit single "I Should Be So Lucky", which Waterman co-wrote and co-produced, was inspired by Canon in D.[28] The Farm's 1990 single "All Together Now" has its chord sequence lifted directly from Pachelbel's Canon.[9]

The Pet Shop Boys' 1993 cover of "Go West" played up that song's resemblance to both Pachelbel's Canon and the Soviet Anthem. Coolio's 1997 "C U When U Get There" is built around a sample of the piece. Other songs that make use of the Pachelbel's Canon chord progression include "Streets of London" by Ralph McTell (1974), "Gemilang" by Krakatau (1986), "Basket Case" by Green Day (1994), and "Don't Look Back in Anger" by Oasis (1996) (though with a variation at the end), while Maroon 5 used the harmonic sequence of Pachelbel's Canon (and part of the melody) for their 2019 single "Memories".[29]

In 2012, the UK-based Co-Operative Funeralcare compiled a list of the most popular, classical, contemporary and religious music across 30,000 funerals. Canon in D placed second on the Classical chart, behind Edward Elgar's "Nimrod".[4]

The Trans-Siberian Orchestra's 1998 song "Christmas Canon" is a "take" on Pachelbel's Canon.[30] JerryC's version, titled "Canon Rock", was one of the earliest viral videos on YouTube when it was covered by Funtwo.[31] "Sunday Morning" on Procol Harum's 2017 album Novum is based on just the chords of the canon.[32]

References
  1. "Pachelbel, Johann (1653–1706): Canon and Gigue in D major". Répertoire International des Sources Musicales. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  2. Fink, Robert (2011). "Prisoners of Pachelbel: An Essay in Post-Canonic Musicology". Hamburger Jahrbuch für Musikwissenschaft. Frankfurt am Main. 27. ISBN 978-3-631-61732-8.
  3. Levine, Alexandra S. (9 May 2019). "How 'Canon in D Major' Became the Wedding Song". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  4. "Funeral survey charts the demise of popular hymns". Co-Operative Funeralcare. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  5. Nolte, Ewald V.; Butt, John (2018). "Johann Pachelbel". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
  6. Welter, Kathryn J. (1998). Johann Pachelbel: Organist, Teacher, Composer: A Critical Reexamination of His Life, Works, and Historical Significance (PhD). Harvard University. p. 363.
  7. Schulze, Hans-Joachim (1985). "Johann Christoph Bach (1671–1721) Organist and Schul Collega in Ohrdruf, Germany, Johann Sebastian Bachs erster Lehrer". Bach-Jahrbuch. 71: 70, footnote 79.
  8. Brewer, Charles E. (2013). The Instrumental Music of Schmeltzer, Biber, Muffat and their Contemporaries. Ashgate Publishing. p. 335. ISBN 9781409494225.
  9. Green, Thomas H (27 May 2004). "Altogether Now with Pachelbel". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  10. Beckmann, Gustav (1918–1919). "Johann Pachelbel als Kammerkomponist". Archiv für Musikwissenschaft (in German). 1: 267–274. doi:10.2307/929723. JSTOR 929723. The canon appears on page 271.
  11. Perreault, Jean M. (2004). The Thematic Catalogue of the Musical Works of Johann Pachelbel. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-8108-4970-4.
  12. Dohr, Christoph (2006), "Preface", Canon und Gigue für drei Violinen und Basso continuo (Urtext). Partitur und Stimmen (in German), Dohr Verlag, ISMN 979-0-2020-1230-7
  13. Daniel Guss, CD booklet to Pachelbel's Greatest Hit: The Ultimate Canon, BMG Classics (RCA Red Seal)
  14. Luhrssen, David; Larson, Michael (2017). Encyclopedia of Classic Rock. Greenwood. p. 7. ISBN 9781440835148.
  15. Kim, Kristen Yoonsoo (27 September 2012). "One-Hit Wondering—Johann Pachelbel". Noisey.
  16. Walton, Mary (17 January 1979). "Move over Mick Jagger; here's Johann Pachelbel". Knight-Ridder Newspapers.
  17. "Billboard Year-end Issue". 25 December 1976. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  18. "Billboard Year-end Double Issue". 24 December 1977. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  19. "Classical LPs Chart Billboard". 15 May 1982. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  20. "Desert Island Discs: Carl Sagan". BBC. 18 July 1981. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  21. The Music of 'Cosmos' at Discogs
  22. "Canon & Gigue in D by Johann Pachelbel – Versions". SecondHandSongs. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  23. Moser, John J. (9 April 2015). "Pianist George Winston, playing in Bethlehem, finds inspiration in illness, recovery". The Morning Call. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  24. Gjerdingen, Robert (2007). Music in the Galant Style: Being an Essay on Various Schemata Characteristic of Eighteenth-Century Music for Courtly Chambers, Chapel, and Theaters, Including Tasteful Passages of Music Drawn from Most Excellent Chapel Masters in the Employ of Noble and Noteworthy Personages, Said Music All Collected for the Readers Delectations on the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190095819.
  25. Welter, Kathryn (1998). Johann Pachelbel: Organist, Teacher, Composer: A Critical Reexamination of His Life, Works, and Historical Significance (PhD diss.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 207–208.
  26. "Prisoner of Pachelbel: 'For your listening pleasure we once again present Pachelbel's Canon.' (cartoon)". The New Yorker. The Morgan Library. pp. 91–93]. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  27. "John Finnemore's Souvenir Programme: Series 6, Episode 3". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  28. "Pop mogul 'inspired by classics'". BBC News. 7 October 2002. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  29. Rowat, Robert (20 September 2019). "Maroon 5's new song, 'Memories,' is basically Pachelbel's Canon". CBC. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  30. Chan, Lorne (18 December 2014). "Trans-Siberian Orchestra dusts off "The Christmas Attic"". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  31. Heffernan, Virginia. "Web Guitar Wizard Revealed at Last". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  32. Warne, Jude (18 April 2017). "Prog Rock Icons Procol Harum Return With Their 50th Anniversary Album". Observer.
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