Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing) (EC 6.3.5.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reactions that produce carbamoyl phosphate in the cytosol (as opposed to type I, which functions in the mitochondria). Its systemic name is hydrogen-carbonate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
| Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 6.3.5.5 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 37233-48-0 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Symbol | CAD | ||||||
| NCBI gene | 790 | ||||||
| HGNC | 1424 | ||||||
| OMIM | 114010 | ||||||
| RefSeq | NM_004341 | ||||||
| UniProt | P27708 | ||||||
| Other data | |||||||
| Locus | Chr. 2 p21 | ||||||
| |||||||
In pyrimidine biosynthesis, it serves as the rate-limiting enzyme and catalyzes the following reaction:
- 2 ATP + L-glutamine + HCO3− + H2O 2 ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate (overall reaction)
- (1a) L-glutamine + H2O L-glutamate + NH3
- (1b) 2 ATP + HCO3− + NH3 2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
It is activated by ATP and PRPP[9] and it is inhibited by UTP (Uridine triphosphate)[10] Neither CPSI nor CPSII require biotin as a coenzyme, as seen with most carboxylation reactions.
It is one of the three enzyme functions coded by the CAD gene. It is classified under EC 6.3.5.5.
References
- Anderson PM, Meister A (December 1965). "Evidence for an activated form of carbon dioxide in the reaction catalyzed by Escherichia coli carbamyl phosphate synthetase". Biochemistry. 4 (12): 2803–9. doi:10.1021/bi00888a034. PMID 5326356.
- Kalman SM, Duffield PH, Brzozowski T (April 1966). "Purification and properties of a bacterial carbamyl phosphate synthetase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 241 (8): 1871–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96716-5. PMID 5329589.
- Yip MC, Knox WE (May 1970). "Glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase. Properties and distribution in normal and neoplastic rat tissues". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 245 (9): 2199–204. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63139-4. PMID 5442268.
- Stapleton MA, Javid-Majd F, Harmon MF, Hanks BA, Grahmann JL, Mullins LS, Raushel FM (November 1996). "Role of conserved residues within the carboxy phosphate domain of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase". Biochemistry. 35 (45): 14352–61. doi:10.1021/bi961183y. PMID 8916922.
- Holden HM, Thoden JB, Raushel FM (December 1998). "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: a tunnel runs through it". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 8 (6): 679–85. doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(98)80086-9. PMID 9914247.
- Raushel FM, Thoden JB, Reinhart GD, Holden HM (October 1998). "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: a crooked path from substrates to products". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2 (5): 624–32. doi:10.1016/s1367-5931(98)80094-x. PMID 9818189.
- Raushel FM, Thoden JB, Holden HM (June 1999). "The amidotransferase family of enzymes: molecular machines for the production and delivery of ammonia". Biochemistry. 38 (25): 7891–9. doi:10.1021/bi990871p. PMID 10387030.
- Thoden JB, Huang X, Raushel FM, Holden HM (October 2002). "Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. Creation of an escape route for ammonia". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (42): 39722–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206915200. PMID 12130656.
- Inkling. "Unsupported Browser". Inkling. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- Engelking LR. Pyrimidine biosynthesis. Textbook of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry. 2015;:83–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-391909-0.50014-1 Retrieved 1 April 2023
External links
- Carbamoyl-Phosphate+Synthase+(Glutamine-Hydrolyzing) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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